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Collectin

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Collectins (collagen-containing C-type lectins) are a part of the innate immune system. They form a family of collagenous Ca2+-dependent defense lectins, which are found in animals. Collectins are soluble pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Their function is to bind to oligosaccharide structure or lipids that are on the surface of microorganisms. Like other PRRs they bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of oligosaccharide origin. Binding of collectins to microorganisms may trigger elimination of microorganisms by aggregation, complement activation, opsonization, activation of phagocytosis, or inhibition of microbial growth. Other functions of collectins are modulation of inflammatory, allergic responses, adaptive immune system and clearance of apoptotic cells.

Structure

Functionally collectins are trimers. Monomeric subunit consists of four parts:

Recognition of specific parts of microorganism is mediated by CRD in presence of calcium.[1][2] Affinity of interaction between microbes and collectins depends on the degree of collectin oligomerization and also on the density of ligands on the surface of the microbe.[3]

Types of collectins

Nine types of collectins have been defined:

CL-43, CL-46 and conglutinin are found in bovine.

Function

Aggregation

Collectins can bind on the surface of the microorganism and between carbohydrate ligands can be made a bond. Due to those properties, the interaction can result in aggregation.[4][5]

Opsonization and activation of phagocytosis

Collectins can act as opsonins. There is a specific interaction between collectins and receptors on phagocytic cells which can lead to increased clearance of microorganisms.[6][7][8] MBL can bind to microorganisms and this interaction can lead to opsonization through complement activation,[9] or it can opsonize the microorganism directly.[10] SP-A and SP-D can also interact with microorganisms and phagocytic cells to enhance phagocytosis of the microorganism.[11]

Inhibition of microbial growth

Collectins have effect on microorganism survival. SP-A and SP-D can bind to LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. SP-A and SP-D can increase permeability of Gram-negative bacterial cell membrane.[12]

Modulation of inflammatory responses

SP-A and SP-D can damp induction of inflammation by LPS or endotoxin. It can be caused by removing the LPS or by binding the LPS to CD14 receptor on macrophages that can block the inflammatory response.[13][14][15] SP-A can also bind to TLR2 (toll-like receptor 2). This interaction causes decrease of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) production by alveolar macrophages stimulated with peptidoglycan.[16] SP-A and SP-D can modulate cytokine production. They modulate the production of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species which are very important for phagocytic cells.[17][18][19] SP-A and SP-D has s function as chemoattractants for alveolar neutrophils and monocytes.[20] MBL can recognize peptidoglykan via N-acetylglukosamine. This interaction leads to inhibition of ligand-induced inflammatory by macrophage chemokine production.[21]

Modulation of the adaptive immune system

SP-A and SP-D can suppress activated T-lymphocytes and IL-2 (interleukin-2) production.[22][23] SP-D increases bacterial antigen presentation by dendritic cells [24] whereas SP-A blocs differentation of the immature dendritic cells.[25]

Modulation of allergic response

Collectins SP-A and SP-D have anti-allergic effects: they inhibit IgE binding to allergens, decrease histamine release from basophils, and inhibit T-lymphocyte production in the late phase of the inflammation.[26][27][28]

Apoptosis

Collectins SP-A and SP-D enhance clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages.[29][30]

Complement activation

Collectins are linked with activation of lectin pathway of complement activation. At the beginning, there is a binding of collectin to PAMPs or DAMPs. Collectin MBL is involved in activation of the lectin complement pathway.[31][32] There are three serine proteases, MASP-1, 2 and 3 (MBL-associated serine proteases), which participate in activation of the lectin pathway. MASP-2 has a cleavage activity and it is essential for forming lectin C3 and C5 convertases and for activation of the complement.[33][34][35]

Reviews

For more informations and details see reviews:[36][37][38]

References

Template:Research help

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  2. ^ Weis, W I; K Drickamer; W A Hendrickson (1992-11-12). "Structure of a C-type mannose-binding protein complexed with an oligosaccharide". Nature. 360 (6400): 127–134. doi:10.1038/360127a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
  3. ^ Lee, R T; Y Ichikawa; M Fay; K Drickamer; M C Shao; Y C Lee (1991-03-15). "Ligand-binding characteristics of rat serum-type mannose-binding protein (MBP-A). Homology of binding site architecture with mammalian and chicken hepatic lectins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (8): 4810–4815. ISSN 0021-9258.
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  5. ^ Schelenz, S; R Malhotra; R B Sim; U Holmskov; G J Bancroft (September 1995). "Binding of host collectins to the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans: human surfactant protein D acts as an agglutinin for acapsular yeast cells". Infection and immunity. 63 (9): 3360–3366. ISSN 0019-9567.
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  12. ^ Wu, Huixing; Alexander Kuzmenko; Sijue Wan; Lyndsay Schaffer; Alison Weiss; James H Fisher; Kwang Sik Kim; Francis X McCormack (2003-05). "Surfactant proteins A and D inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria by increasing membrane permeability". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (10): 1589–1602. doi:10.1172/JCI16889. ISSN 0021-9738. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  14. ^ Borron, P; J C McIntosh; T R Korfhagen; J A Whitsett; J Taylor; J R Wright (2000-04). "Surfactant-associated protein A inhibits LPS-induced cytokine and nitric oxide production in vivo". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 278 (4): L840-847. ISSN 1040-0605. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Sano, H; H Chiba; D Iwaki; H Sohma; D R Voelker; Y Kuroki (2000-07-21). "Surfactant proteins A and D bind CD14 by different mechanisms". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (29): 22442–22451. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001107200. ISSN 0021-9258.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Murakami, Seiji; Daisuke Iwaki; Hiroaki Mitsuzawa; Hitomi Sano; Hiroki Takahashi; Dennis R Voelker; Toyoaki Akino; Yoshio Kuroki (2002-03-01). "Surfactant protein A inhibits peptidoglycan-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in U937 cells and alveolar macrophages by direct interaction with toll-like receptor 2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (9): 6830–6837. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106671200. ISSN 0021-9258.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  22. ^ Borron, P; F X McCormack; B M Elhalwagi; Z C Chroneos; J F Lewis; S Zhu; J R Wright; V L Shepherd; F Possmayer; K Inchley; L J Fraher (October 1998). "Surfactant protein A inhibits T cell proliferation via its collagen-like tail and a 210-kDa receptor". The American journal of physiology. 275 (4 Pt 1): L679-686. ISSN 0002-9513.
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  25. ^ Brinker, Karen G; Hollie Garner; Jo Rae Wright (January 2003). "Surfactant protein A modulates the differentiation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 284 (1): L232-241. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00187.2002. ISSN 1040-0605.
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  31. ^ Schwaeble, Wilhelm; Mads R Dahl; Steffen Thiel; Cordula Stover; Jens C Jensenius (2002-09). "The mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs) and MAp19: four components of the lectin pathway activation complex encoded by two genes". Immunobiology. 205 (4–5): 455–466. doi:10.1078/0171-2985-00146. ISSN 0171-2985. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  38. ^ Nayak, Annapurna; Eswari Dodagatta-Marri; Anthony George Tsolaki; Uday Kishore (2012). "An Insight into the Diverse Roles of Surfactant Proteins, SP-A and SP-D in Innate and Adaptive Immunity". Frontiers in immunology. 3: 131. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00131. ISSN 1664-3224.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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