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Comparison of crewed space vehicles

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A number of different spacecraft have been used to carry people to and from space.

Orbital space vehicles

Legend for below table:   [under development] — [retired] — [operational]

Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Range Launch
system 		Crew
size 		Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power
system 		Generated
power (W) 		First
spaceflight* 		Last
spaceflight 		Flights*
Mercury  USA McDonnell Aircraft
North American Aviation 		LEO
attained 		Redstone MRLV
Atlas LV-3B 		1 3.34 1.89 Batteries 1961 (1960) 1963 6
(12)[note 1]
Gemini  USA McDonnell Aircraft
Martin 		LEO Titan II GLV
Titan IIIC[note 2] 		2 5.56 3.05 Fuel cells 1965 (1964) 1966 10
(2)[note 3]
Apollo  USA North American Aviation
Grumman and Douglas 		Lunar Saturn IB
Saturn V 		3 8.5 3.91 5,500 CM + 14,700 LM
24,500 Service Module 		Fuel cells 1967 (1966) 1975 15
(4)[note 3]
Space Shuttle orbiter  USA United Space Alliance LEO Space Shuttle 8[note 4] 37.24 4.8[note 5] 109,000 Fuel cells 1981 2011 135[note 6]
Orion  USA Lockheed Martin
Astrium 		Mars Delta IV Heavy
Space Launch System 		6 3.3 5 8,900 Capsule
12,300 Service Module 		Solar Panels Planned: 2021 (2014) 0 (1)[note 7]
Shenzhou  China China Academy of Space Technology LEO Chang Zheng 2F 3 9.25 2.80 7,840 Solar panels 1,450 2003 (1999) Active 7
(4)
Gaganyaan  IND Hindustan Aeronautics Limited LEO GSLV Mk III 3 7 3 7800 Solar Panels 2022 0
Soyuz 7K-T  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz
Soyuz-U 		2 7.48 2.72 Batteries 1973 1981 26 (4)[note 8]
Voskhod  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Voskhod 3[note 9] 5 2.4 Batteries n/a 1964 (1964) 1965 2 (3)
Vostok  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO
first 		Vostok-K 1 4.4 2.43 4,725 Batteries n/a 1961 (1960) 1963 6 (7)[note 10]
Soyuz 7K-OK  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1967 (1966) 1970 8 (8)[note 11]
Soyuz 7KT-OK  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1971 1971 2[note 12]
Soyuz 7K-T-AF  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 2 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1973 1973 1
Soyuz 7K-TM  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 2 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1974 1975 2 (2)
Soyuz 7K-MF6  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 2 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1976 1976 1
Soyuz-T  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U
Soyuz-U2 		3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1978 1986 15 (6)[note 13]
Soyuz-TM  Soviet Union
 Russia 		RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-U2
Soyuz-U 		3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1986 2002 33 (1)
Buran  Soviet Union RKK Energia LEO Energia 10 36.37 Fuel cells (1988) (1988) (1)
Soyuz-TMA
11F732 		 Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 2002 2012 22
Soyuz TMA-M
11F747 		 Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 3 7.48 2.72 7,150 Solar panels 1,000 2010 2016 19
Soyuz MS
  Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 2016 Active 3
Federatsiya
  Russia RKK Energia Lunar 6 Solar panels Planned: 2023 0
Biconic Space Vehicle  USA Blue Origin LEO New Glenn Planned date not known 0
CST-100  USA Boeing LEO multiple, initially Atlas V 7 [1] 5.03 [2] 4.56 [2] Planned: 2019 0
Dream Chaser Space System  USA Sierra Nevada Corporation LEO multiple, initially Atlas V 7 [3][4] 9 [5] 11,300 [6] Planned date not known 0
Dragon V2  USA SpaceX LEO Falcon 9 Full Thrust 7[note 14] 8.1[7] 3.7[8] Solar Panels Planned: 2018 0
BFR Spaceship  USA SpaceX Solar System[9][note 15] BFR[9] 100[note 16] 48[9] 9[9][note 17] 1,335,000[9] Solar Panels Planned:2024 [9]
(2022) 		0
* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

Suborbital space vehicles

Legend for below table:   [under development] — [retired] — [operational]

Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Range Launch
system 		Crew
size 		Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power
system 		Generated
power (W) 		First
spaceflight* 		Last
spaceflight 		Flights*
SpaceShipOne  USA Scaled Composites 112 km
X Prize 		White Knight
Hybrid Motor 		1 8.53 8.05 3,600 2004 2004 3[note 18]
X-15  USA North American Aviation 108 km
altitude 		B-52
Ammonia-LOX 		1 15.45 6.8 15,420 1963 1963 2[note 19]
New Shepard  USA Blue Origin 103 km N/A 6 Planned: 2017
(2015) 		0 (5)[note 19]
SpaceShipTwo  USA The Spaceship Company 110 km
Kármán line+10 		White Knight Two
RocketMotorTwo 		8[note 20] 18.3 8.3 9,740 Planned date not known 0[note 21]
* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

Footnotes

  1. ^ Including 2 suborbital flights, not including Boilerplate tests
  2. ^ One unmanned launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme
  3. ^ a b Not including Boilerplate tests
  4. ^ No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.
  5. ^ Wingspan 23.79m
  6. ^ Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.
  7. ^ Including unmanned test around 2014
  8. ^ Manned flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight
  9. ^ Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown
  10. ^ Unmanned flight count includes two launch failures
  11. ^ Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.
  12. ^ Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.
  13. ^ Manned flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)
  14. ^ Number of seats will probably be a multiple of the 3 crew member rotations for the ISS
  15. ^ Designed to land almost everywhere in the solar system
  16. ^ Number of seats will be lower on early missions
  17. ^ Plus delta wings
  18. ^ Does not include manned atmospheric flights
  19. ^ a b Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the internationally-accepted definition
  20. ^ 2 crew + 6 passengers
  21. ^ Does not include manned atmospheric flights

See also

References

  1. ^ "Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled". Aviation Week. July 20, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
  2. ^ a b Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System" (PDF). Boeing. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  3. ^ "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Press release). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2012-08-29. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times. p. D1. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. Retrieved 2011-08-16. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace.
  7. ^ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Making Life Multiplanetary" (PDF). SpaceX. 2017-10-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
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