Coremark
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CoreMark is a benchmark that aims to measure the performance of central processing units (CPU) used in embedded systems. It was developed in 2009 by Shay Gal-On at EEMBC and is intended to become an industry standard, replacing the antiquated Dhrystone benchmark. The code is written in C and contains implementations of the following algorithms: list processing (find and sort), matrix manipulation (common matrix operations), state machine (determine if an input stream contains valid numbers), and CRC.
Issues addressed by CoreMark
The CRC algorithm serves a dual function; it provides a workload commonly seen in embedded applications and ensures correct operation of the CoreMark benchmark, essentially providing a self-checking mechanism. Specifically, to verify correct operation, a 16-bit CRC on the data contained in elements of the linked-list.
To ensure compilers cannot pre-compute the results at compile time every operation in the benchmark derives a value that is not available at compile time. Furthermore, all code used within the timed portion of the benchmark is part of the benchmark itself (no library calls).
CoreMark versus Dhrystone
CoreMark draws on the strengths that made Dhrystone so resilient - it is small, portable, easy to understand, free, and displays a single number benchmark score. Unlike Dhrystone, CoreMark has specific run and reporting rules, and was designed to avoid the well understood issues that have been cited with Dhrystone.
Major portions of Dhrystone are susceptible to a compiler’s ability to optimize the work away; thus it is more a compiler benchmark than a hardware benchmark. This also makes it very difficult to compare results when different compilers/flags are used.
Library calls are made within the timed portion of Dhrystone. Typically, those library calls consume the majority of the time consumed by the benchmark. Since the library code is not part of the benchmark, it is difficult to compare results if different libraries are used. Guidelines exist on how to run Dhrystone but since results are not certified or verified, they are not enforced. There is no standardization on how Dhrystone results should be reported, with various formats in use (DMIPS, Dhrystones per second, DMIPS/MHz)
Results
CoreMark results can be found on the CoreMark web site, and on processor data sheets. Results are in the following format:
CoreMark 1.0 : N / C / P / M
- N Number of iterations per second with seeds 0,0,0x66,size=2000)
- C Compiler version and flags
- P Parameters such as data and code allocation specifics
- M - Type of Parallel algorithm execution (if used) and number of contexts
For example: CoreMark 1.0 : 128 / GCC 4.1.2 -O2 -fprofile-use / Heap in TCRAM / FORK:2
See also
- Business Applications Performance Corporation (BAPCo)
- Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC)
- Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC)
- Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC)
References
EEMBC launches MIPS busting benchmark, New Electronics magazine, Graham Pitcher, August 2009.
Roving Reporter: Benchmarks: An inside look at CoreMark, Intel Embedded Design Center -
Hardware Blog, Don Dingee, OpenSystems Media, by special arrangement with Intel ECA, August 2009.
ARM Announces Support For EEMBC CoreMark Benchmark, ARM Holdings plc, June 2009.
CoreMark - Open-Source-Benchmark von EEMBC, elektronik net.de, Andrea Gillhuber, February 2009.
Benchmarks Atom vs iPad A4 vs iPhone 3GS ARM Cortex and much more..., EEE Journal
Published Kal-El performance: is NVIDIA SoC truly faster than a Core2?
Imagining a quad-core Motorola Xoom, CNet News, February 2011.