Dicotyledon
 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (May 2009) |
| Dicotyledon | |
|---|---|
.JPG)
| |
| Lamium album (white dead nettle) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| Groups included | |
| Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The dicotyledons, also known as dicots, were one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group, namely that the seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species within this group.[1] The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, typically having one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants.
Largely from the 1990s onwards, molecular phylogenetic research confirmed what had already been suspected, namely that dicotyledons are not a group made up of all the descendants of a common ancestor (i.e. they are not a monophyletic group). Rather a number of lineages, such as the magnoliids and groups now collectively known as the basal angiosperms diverged earlier than the monocots did. The traditional dicots are thus a paraphyletic group. The largest clade of the dicotyledons are known as the eudicots. They are distinguished from all other flowering plants by the structure of their pollen. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have monosulcate pollen, or forms derived from it, whereas eudicots have tricolpate pollen, or derived forms, the pollen having three or more pores set in furrows called colpi.
Compared to Monocotyledons
Aside from cotyledon number, other broad differences have been noted between monocots and dicots, although these have proven to be differences primarily between monocots and eudicots. Many early-diverging dicot groups have "monocot" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and non-tricolpate pollen.[2] In addition, some monocots have dicot characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins.[2]
| Feature | In monocots | In dicots |
|---|---|---|
| Number of parts of each flower | In threes (flowers are trimerous) | In fours or fives (tetramerous or pentamerous) |
| Number of furrows or pores in pollen | One | Three |
| Number of cotyledons (leaves in the seed) | One | Two |
| Arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem | Scattered | In concentric circles |
| Roots | Are adventitious | Develop from the radicle |
| Arrangement of major leaf veins | Parallel | Reticulate |
| Secondary growth | Absent | Often present |
Classification
Historical
Traditionally the dicots have been called the Dicotyledones (or Dicotyledoneae), at any rank. If treated as a class, as in the Cronquist system, they could be called the Magnoliopsida after the type genus Magnolia. In some schemes, the eudicots were treated as a separate class, the Rosopsida (type genus Rosa), or as several separate classes. The remaining dicots (palaeodicots or basal angiosperms) may be kept in a single paraphyletic class, called Magnoliopsida, or further divided.
APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) vs. Cronquist Classification
The following lists show the orders in the APG III system traditionally called dicots,[3] together with the older Cronquist system.
| APG III (polyphyletic) |
Cronquist system (classis Magnoliopsida) |
|---|---|
|
Dahlgren and Thorne systems
In the Dahlgren and the Thorne systems, the subclass name Magnoliidae was used for the dicotyledons. This is also the case in some of the systems derived from the Cronquist system. For each system, only the superorders are listed. The sequence of each system has been altered to pair corresponding taxa, although circumscription of superorders with the same name is not always the same. The Thorne system (1992) as depicted by Reveal is:
| Dahlgren system | Thorne system | |
|---|---|---|
| Magnolianae |
Magnolianae | |
| Nymphaeanae | Nymphaeanae | |
| Caryophyllanae | Caryophyllanae | |
| Theanae |
Theanae | |
| Malvanae | Malvanae | |
| Violanae | Violanae | |
| Rosanae | Rosanae | |
| Proteanae | Proteanae | |
| Myrtanae | Myrtanae | |
| Rutanae | Rutanae | |
| Santalanae | Santalanae | |
| Balanophoranae | Santalanae | |
| Asteranae | Asteranae | |
| Solananae | Solananae | |
| Cornanae |
Cornanae | |
| Loasanae | Loasanae | |
| Dicotyledons | Gentiananae |
Gentiananae |
See also
References
- ^ Hamilton, Alan; Hamilton, Patrick (2006), Plant conservation : an ecosystem approach, London: Earthscan, p. 2, ISBN 978-1-84407-083-1
- ^ a b "Monocots versus Dicots". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, retrieved 2010-12-10
