Draft:German public banking sector

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The German public banking sector (German: Öffentliches Kreditwesen) represents a significant share of the broader banking sector in Germany. Unlike most other Western and Central European countries, where the banking system has been historically dominated by private-sector entities (except for central banks, many of which were nationalized in the course of the 20th century); in Germany, public-sector banks have been present since the early phases of formalization of banking entities in the early modern period and have never lost their collective significance.

Following many steps of development, consolidation, and restructuring, the German public banking sector (leaving aside the Deutsche Bundesbank) consists mainly of two clusters: the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe, which competes with commercial and cooperative banks and includes local Sparkassen and regional Landesbanks; and promotional and development banks (German: Förderbanken) owned by the Federal Republic of Germany (in the case of KfW) or the individual states of Germany.

Two overlapping organizations represent the German public banking sector: the Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband (DSGV), the umbrella organization for the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe; and the Association of German Public Banks, which brings together the Landesbanks (also members of the DSGV) and the Förderbanken.

History[edit]

The current Landesbanken and Förderbanken are the product of numerous episodes of development and consolidation starting in the 18th century, tracking the formation of Germany itself. In mid-1931, the default of the Landesbank der Rheinprovinz, following aggressive and uncontrolled expansion of its credit to German municipalities, was a major trigger of Germany's economic depression - unlike other Landesbanken such as the Mitteldeutsche Landesbank, which survived the episode largely unscathed.[1] With the delineation of West Germany's Länder between 1948 and 1957, the Landesbanks started acting as "house banks" of their respective Land, thus expanding into some of largest foreign issuers in Germany.

The promotional and development banks emerged more recently as a distinct category. KfW was established in 1948 and the Förderbanken of Bavaria and Saarland in 1951, but most others were created (in Eastern Germany) or spun off from the local Landesbanken (in the West) in the 1990s and 2000s.

Berlin and Eastern Germany[edit]

  • Former Herzogliche Landesbank in Altenburg, 2006
    Former Herzogliche Landesbank in Altenburg, 2006
  • Former head office of Landeskreditanstalt Meiningen, 2009
    Former head office of Landeskreditanstalt Meiningen, 2009
  • Former SachsenLB head office in Leipzig, 2007
    Former SachsenLB head office in Leipzig, 2007

Northwestern Germany[edit]

  • 1765: Herzogliche Leyhaus established in Braunschweig[20]
  • 1840: Hannoversche Landeskreditanstalt established in Hanover[21]
  • 1869: Oldenburgische Landesbank established in Oldenburg[22]
  • 1883: Bodencredit-Anstalt des Herzogtums Oldenburg established in Oldenburg, renamed Staatliche Kreditanstalt des Herzogtums Oldenburg in 1906 and Staatliche Kreditanstalt Oldenburg in 1922[23]
  • 1917: Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale established in Kiel[24]
    • Landesbank der Provinz Hannover established in Hanover[25]
  • 1918: Niedersächsische Wohnungskreditanstalt Stadtschaft established in Hanover[21]
  • 1919: Herzogliche Leyhaus in Braunschweig renamed Braunschweigische Staatsbank [de][20]: 368 
  • 1928: Hansa-Bank established in Bremen[26]
  • 1933: Sparkassen- und Giroverband für Schleswig Holstein established in Kiel[27]
    • Landesbank der Provinz Hannover renamed Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale[25]
  • 1938: Hansa-Bank and Staatliche Kreditanstalt Oldenburg merge to form the Staatlichen Kreditanstalt Oldenburg-Bremen[23]
    • Bremer Landesbank – Girozentrale established in Bremen[28]
    • Hamburgischen Landesbank – Girozentrale (HLB) established in Hamburg[29]
  • 1940: Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale merged with Sparkassen-Giroverband Schleswig-Holstein[24]
  • 1951: Bremer Aufbau-Bank (BAB) established in Bremen[30]
  • 1952: Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukasse established in Hamburg, renamed Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukreditanstalt (WK) in 1973 and Hamburgische Investitions- und Förderbank in 2013[31]
  • 1970: Braunschweigische Staatsbank, Hannoversche Landeskreditanstalt, Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale, Braunschweigische Landessparkasse, and Niedersächsische Wohnungskreditanstalt Stadtschaft merged to form NORD/LB[21]
  • 1983: Bremer Landesbank – Girozentrale and Staatlichen Kreditanstalt Oldenburg-Bremen merged to form Bremer Landesbank Kreditanstalt Oldenburg – Girozentrale (also known as Bremer Landesbank, or BLB)[23]
  • 2003: Hamburgische Landesbank – Girozentrale and Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale merged to form HSH Nordbank AG, with joint head offices in Hamburg and Kiel; Investitionsbank Schleswig-Holstein spun out[32]
  • 2004: NBank [de] established in Hanover[33]
  • 2005: Hamburgische Investitions- und Förderbank (IFB Hamburg) established in Hamburg[34]
  • 2017: BLB merged into NORD/LB[35]
  • 2019: HSH Nordbank privatized and renamed Hamburg Commercial Bank;[36] Landesbank role in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein taken up by NORD/LB
  • Verwaltungsbezirk building on Ruhfäutchenplatz [de] in Braunschweig, head office of Braunschweigische Staatsbank until 1966
    Verwaltungsbezirk building on Ruhfäutchenplatz [de] in Braunschweig, head office of Braunschweigische Staatsbank until 1966
  • 1896 building of the Deutsche Nationalbank, head office of Bremer Landesbank in Bremen from 1938 to the 2010s[37]
    1896 building of the Deutsche Nationalbank, head office of Bremer Landesbank in Bremen from 1938 to the 2010s[37]
  • Building at Schiffgraben 6 in Hanover, head office of Landeskreditanstalt from 1914 to 1970; later seat of the regional Sparkassenverband[38]
    Building at Schiffgraben 6 in Hanover, head office of Landeskreditanstalt from 1914 to 1970; later seat of the regional Sparkassenverband[38]
  • Building at Martendamm 4 in Kiel, head office of Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale (1954-2003), HSH Nordbank (2003-2019), and Hamburg Commercial Bank (since 2019)[39]
    Building at Martendamm 4 in Kiel, head office of Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale (1954-2003), HSH Nordbank (2003-2019), and Hamburg Commercial Bank (since 2019)[39]
  • Building at Georgsplatz 2 in Hanover, head office of Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale from 1958 to 1970, then of NORD/LB until 2002[40]
    Building at Georgsplatz 2 in Hanover, head office of Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale from 1958 to 1970, then of NORD/LB until 2002[40]
  • High-rise wing of the former Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale complex in Hanover
    High-rise wing of the former Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale complex in Hanover
  • Former Alter Bahnhof [de] building or Ottmerbau in Braunschweig, head office of Braunschweigische Staatsbank (1966-1970), Nord/LB (1970-2002), then Braunschweigische Landessparkasse (since 2008)
    Former Alter Bahnhof [de] building or Ottmerbau in Braunschweig, head office of Braunschweigische Staatsbank (1966-1970), Nord/LB (1970-2002), then Braunschweigische Landessparkasse (since 2008)
  • NORD/LB Head Office Building [de] opened in 2002 in Hanover[41]
    NORD/LB Head Office Building [de] opened in 2002 in Hanover[41]
  • Former Bremer Landesbank head office in Bremen, inaugurated in 2016 a year before the bank's absorption by NORD/LB[42]
    Former Bremer Landesbank head office in Bremen, inaugurated in 2016 a year before the bank's absorption by NORD/LB[42]

Western-central Germany[edit]

  • Former Nassauische Landesbank in Wiesbaden
    Former Nassauische Landesbank in Wiesbaden
  • Former branch of Landesbank der Rheinprovinz in Aachen
    Former branch of Landesbank der Rheinprovinz in Aachen
  • Former Landesbank der Provinz Westfalen in Münster
    Former Landesbank der Provinz Westfalen in Münster
  • Landeskreditkasse building in Kassel
    Landeskreditkasse building in Kassel
  • SaarLB head office in Saarbrücken, 2011
    SaarLB head office in Saarbrücken, 2011
  • Former LRP head office in Mainz, 2015
    Former LRP head office in Mainz, 2015
  • Building at Herzogstrasse 15 in Düsseldorf, built 1974-1986, head office of WestLB until 2012, now Herzogterrassen commercial complex[59]
    Building at Herzogstrasse 15 in Düsseldorf, built 1974-1986, head office of WestLB until 2012, now Herzogterrassen commercial complex[59]
  • WestLB branch in Münster from 1975 to 2002, later head office of the regional Landesbausparkasse[60]
    WestLB branch in Münster from 1975 to 2002, later head office of the regional Landesbausparkasse[60]
  • WestLB branch in Dortmund from 1978 to 2010, repurposed in 2014 as Dortmunder Centrum für Medizin & Gesundheit[61]
    WestLB branch in Dortmund from 1978 to 2010, repurposed in 2014 as Dortmunder Centrum für Medizin & Gesundheit[61]
  • NRW.Bank head office in Düsseldorf
    NRW.Bank head office in Düsseldorf
  • Helaba head office in Frankfurt, 2012
    Helaba head office in Frankfurt, 2012

Baden-Württemberg[edit]

  • 1818: Württembergische Landessparkasse [de] established in Stuttgart as national savings bank of the Kingdom of Württemberg[62]
  • 1870: Badische Bank [de] established in Mannheim as the note-issuing bank of the Grand Duchy of Baden[63]
  • 1871: Württembergische Notenbank established in Stuttgart as the note-issuing bank of the Kingdom of Württemberg[63]
  • 1884: Städtische Sparkasse Stuttgart established in Stuttgart[63]
  • 1916: Zentralstelle des Württembergischen Giroverbands – Stuttgart established in Stuttgart, later renamed Landesbank Stuttgart
  • 1924: Württembergische Wohnungskreditanstalt established in Stuttgart; renamed Württembergische Landeskreditanstalt in 1932
  • 1929: Badische Kommunale Landesbank [de] established in Mannheim
  • 1932: Badische Bank relocated from Mannheim to Karlsruhe
  • 1934: Badische Bank and Württembergische Notenbank deprived of their note-issuing role and repurposed as commercial entities; the latter renamed Württembergische Bank in 1935
    • Badische Wohnungsfürsorgekassen and Badische Landeswohnungsfürsorgeanstalt merged into entity based in Karlsruhe and named Badische Landeskreditanstalt für Wohnungsbau in 1935
  • 1972: Württembergische Landeskreditanstalt and Badische Landeskreditanstalt für Wohnungsbau merged into Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg [de]
  • 1975: Württembergische Landessparkasse and Städtische Spar- und Girokasse Stuttgart merged to form Landessparkasse – Girokasse öffentliche Bank in Stuttgart, renamed Landesgirokasse Stuttgart [de] in 1977[63]
  • 1978: Badische Bank, Württembergische Bank and Handelsbank Heilbronn merged to form Baden-Württembergische Bank [de] (BW-Bank) in Stuttgart[63]
  • 1988: Landesbank Stuttgart and Badische Kommunale Landesbank merged to form Südwestdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale [de] (SüdwestLB) in Stuttgart[63]
  • 1998: L-Bank formed from the development finance activities of Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg[64]
  • 1999: Landesgirokasse Stuttgart and SüdwestLB merged with the commercial activities of Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg to form Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW) in Stuttgart[63]
  • 2005: BW-Bank merged into LBBW[63]
  • Former head office of Badische Kommunale Landesbank in Mannheim, 2018
    Former head office of Badische Kommunale Landesbank in Mannheim, 2018
  • BW-Bank in Heilbronn, 2007
    BW-Bank in Heilbronn, 2007
  • BW-Bank in Stuttgart, 2013
    BW-Bank in Stuttgart, 2013
  • LBBW head office in Stuttgart, 2007
    LBBW head office in Stuttgart, 2007

Bavaria[edit]

  • 1884: Landeskultur-Rentenanstalt established in Munich[65]
  • 1914: Bayerische Girozentrale founded, permanently established in 1917 in Nuremberg and relocated in 1920 in Munich
  • 1925: Bayerische Girozentrale reorganized and renamed Bayerische Gemeindebank (Girozentrale) Öffentliche Bankanstalt
  • 1949: Landeskultur-Rentenanstalt renamed Bayerische Landesbodenkreditanstalt[65]
  • 1951: LfA Förderbank Bayern established in Munich[66]
  • 1972: Bayerische Gemeindebank and Bayerische Landesbodenkreditanstalt merged to form Bayerische Landesbank Girozentrale (BayernLB)[65]
  • BayernLB head office in Munich, 2013
    BayernLB head office in Munich, 2013
  • Lion statue in front of BayernLB head office in Munich, 2009
    Lion statue in front of BayernLB head office in Munich, 2009
  • Courtyard of BayernLB head office in Munich, 2014
    Courtyard of BayernLB head office in Munich, 2014

Cross-regional consolidation[edit]

  • 1992: Hessische Landesbank Girozentrale takes up Landesbank role in Thuringia, and is renamed Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen Girozentrale while keeping the shorthand name Helaba
  • 1993: NORD/LB takes up Landesbank role in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[17]
  • 2001: BayernLB acquires majority control of SaarLB[67]
  • 2005: LRP merged into LBBW[63]
  • 2007: SachsenLB acquired by LBBW[12]
  • 2010-2013: Saarland acquires control of SaarLB from BayernLB[68]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Albert Fischer. "Die Landesbank der Rheinprovinz in der großen Bankenkrise der 1920er Jahre". Portal Rheinische Geschichte.
  2. ^ a b "Landesbank zu Altenburg (1819-1923)". Archivportal Thüringen.
  3. ^ a b Jacob Riesser (1911), The German Great Banks and Their Concentration in connection with The Economic Development of Germany (PDF), Washington DC: National Monetary Commission
  4. ^ a b c Vincenz Schaefer (1896), Chronologie des deutschen Bankwesens, Munich: G. Franz'scher Verlag
  5. ^ a b "I 93 Magdeburg Mitteldeutsche Landesbank, Magdeburg, 1922-1945 (Bestand)[Location: Magdeburg]". Landesarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt.
  6. ^ a b c "Thüringische Staatsbank, Weimar". sammleraktien-online.de.
  7. ^ a b "Über die GSW". GSW.
  8. ^ "Mitteldeutsche Landesbank, Magdeburg (Bestand)". Deutsche digitale Bibliothek.
  9. ^ a b "Investitionsbank Berlin". nina.az.
  10. ^ "Investitionsbank Berlin (IBB)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  11. ^ "Sächsische Aufbaubank (SAB)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  12. ^ a b Hugh Williamson (31 August 2007). "Takeover strips shine from star state". Financial Times.
  13. ^ "We are there for you". Investitionsbank des Landes Brandenburg.
  14. ^ "30 Jahre Thüringer Aufbaubank: 21. Juli 1992 – 21. Juli 2022". Thüringer Aufbaubank. 21 July 2022.
  15. ^ "Investitionsbank Berlin". Investitionsbank Berlin.
  16. ^ a b Sebastian Seemann (1 March 2023). "100 Prozent Sachsen-Anhalt". WochenSpiegel.
  17. ^ a b "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Special" (PDF). NORD/LB. 13 October 2014.
  18. ^ "Geschichte der L‑Bank". L-Bank.
  19. ^ "Investitionsbank Schleswig-Holstein IB.SH". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  20. ^ a b Wolfgang Kellner (1964), "Das Fürstliche Leyhaus zu Braunschweig", Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 51 (3): 302–369, JSTOR 20729055
  21. ^ a b c "NORD/LB Norddeutsche Landesbank – Girozentrale". Nord/LB.
  22. ^ "About Us". Oldenburgische Landesbank AG.
  23. ^ a b c Florian Schwiegershausen (7 March 2020). "Den Anfang machte 1883 die "Bodencredit-Anstalt"". Weser Kurier.
  24. ^ a b "Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  25. ^ a b "Landesbank der Provinz Hannover". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  26. ^ Harald Wixforth (2017), Die Beziehungen der Norddeutschen Wollkämmerei und Kammgarnspinnerei zu den Banken (PDF), Frankfurt: Institut für Bank- und Finanzgeschichte / Institute for Banking and Financial History
  27. ^ "Sparkassen- und Giroverband für Schleswig Holstein". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  28. ^ Bremer Landesbank (2015), EUR 50,200,000 Perpetual Non-cumulative Fixed to Reset Rate Additional Tier 1 Notes of 2015, p. 63
  29. ^ Moody's (December 2002), Hamburgische Landesbank Girozentrale (PDF), p. 5
  30. ^ "Bremer Aufbau-Bank BAB". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  31. ^ 1953 bis 2013 - 60 Jahre WK : Geförderter Wohnungsbau in Hamburg (PDF), Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukreditanstalt, 2013
  32. ^ Moody's (October 2015), HSH Nordbank AG (PDF)
  33. ^ IBM Corporation (2021), Investitions- und Förderbank Niedersachsen (NBank) - Moving to the cloud: a big step for a small bank (PDF)
  34. ^ "Investitions- und Förderbank (IFB HH)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  35. ^ Ian Lewis (30 August 2017). "Nullmeyer quits shipping desk as part of BLB merger with Nord/LB". TradeWinds.
  36. ^ "HSH Nordbank finally sold and renamed Hamburg Commercial Bank". World Cargo News. 1 December 2018.
  37. ^ "Deutsche Nationalbank". Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen.
  38. ^ "Sparkassenverband Niedersachsen Hannover". Architektur Bildarchiv.
  39. ^ "Landesbank/Girozentrale Kiel". Architektur Bildarchiv.
  40. ^ "Norddeutsche Landesbank Hannover". Architektur Bildarchiv.
  41. ^ "Bürogebäude Nord/LB Hannover". Architektur Bildarchiv.
  42. ^ "Bremer Landesbank Headquarters". Caruso St John Architects. 19 November 2019.
  43. ^ Sparkassenhistorisches Dokumentationszentrum des Deutschen Sparkassen- und Giroverbandes, Sparkassen: Seit über 200 Jahren ein wesentlicher Teil der Gemeinschaft, DSGV
  44. ^ a b c "Landesbank für Westfalen - Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  45. ^ a b Hans Pohl (1982), WestLB. Von der Hülfskasse von 1832 zur Landesbank, Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale
  46. ^ a b c d e Sibylle Backmann (2018), "Hilfskassen, Landesbankinstitute und Girozentralen in Westfalen und im Rheinland. Ein Werkstattbericht zur Erschließung der Vorgängerprovenienzen der WestLB" (PDF), Archivpflege in Westfalen-Lippe (88)
  47. ^ "Hessische Landes-Hypothekenbank AG". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  48. ^ "Hessische Landesbank - Staatsbank". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  49. ^ "Landeskommunalbank - Girozentrale für Hessen". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  50. ^ "Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  51. ^ "Weitsicht durch Nähe : Eckpunkte unserer Geschichte". SaarLB.
  52. ^ "Saarländische Investitionskreditbank (SIKB)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  53. ^ Moody's (August 2023), Landesbank Hessen-Thueringen Girozentrale (PDF)
  54. ^ "Landesbank Rheinland Pfalz International S.A, Mainz, Luxemburg". sammleraktien-online.de.
  55. ^ "NRW.Bank". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  56. ^ "Förderbank Hessen (WIBank)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  57. ^ "Investitionsbank Rheinland-Pfalz (ISB)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  58. ^ Matthias Inverardi (1 July 2012). "Germany waves goodbye to WestLB as bank broken up". Reuters.
  59. ^ "ehem. WestLB Düsseldorf (Herzogterrassen)". Baukunst-NRW.
  60. ^ "Ehemaliger Hauptsitz WestLB Münster". Baukunst-NRW.
  61. ^ "DOC - Dortmunder Centrum für Medizin & Gesundheit (ehemalige WestLB)". Baukunst-NRW.
  62. ^ Hundertfünfzig Jahre Württembergische Landessparkasse: 1818 - 1968. Stuttgart: Württembergische Landessparkasse. 1968.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i "LBBW is celebrating its bicentenary". LBBW.de. 9 May 2018.
  64. ^ "L-Bank". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  65. ^ a b c "Die Geschichte der BayernLabo". Bayern Labo.
  66. ^ "LfA Förderbank Bayern". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  67. ^ Caspar Busse Handelsblatt (30 October 2001). "Bayern to Purchase Majority Stake In Rival Bank in Western Germany". Wall Street Journal.
  68. ^ "Saarland kauft Bayern aus SaarLB heraus". Manager Magazin. 20 November 2013.
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