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Constitutional history of Chile

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The history of the Constitution of Chile dates from 1811. There were 10 constitutional texts and a draft for a federal organization in 1826. Its common elements are the unitary form of state and presidentialism as a form of government.

Independence process

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In this time, statutes pursued guaranteeing the autonomy of the Captaincy General of Chile before the Spanish Crown, and later gaining full independence and consolidating an institutional system. The first texts were only provisional decrees and later became more established normatives.

Old Fatherland

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  • Decree for the Provisional Executive Authority. It was redacted and approved by the National Congress. It was in force only in 1811, and derogated by a coup d'état.[1]
  • Constitutional Decree of 1812. It was approved during the government of José Miguel Carrera. It's viewed as an undisguised, independence declaration because it declared that no one order or act that was outside Chile could be legal, though the Constitutional Decree of 1812 recognized Ferdinand VII as King of Chile.[2] It was derogated in 1813.[3]
  • Decree for the Provisional Government. It was enacted in 1814 and created the figure of Supreme Director and a seven-member Senate. Derogated when Chile was reconquered by Spain.[4]

New Fatherland

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After the victory over Royalist forces, the Bernardo O'Higgins rule was created:

  • Provisional Constitution for the Chilean State (1818). It had 143 articles. This charter regulating rights and responsibilities of men in society, freedom, equality and property rights, and enshrined advanced social principles for the period. Executive power resided with the supreme director with multiple powers. The legislature was unicameral and consisted of a Senate of 5 members and alternates (all appointed by the supreme director) who should oversee the executive operations. The judiciary was directed by the Appeal Court and the Supreme Judiciary Court.[4] Attributions of the supreme director, similar of a dictator, caused discomfort amongst his opponents, so a constituent assembly was convened (1822), where the constitution was reformed and a new one was created.[5]
  • Political Constitution of the Chilean State of 1822. With 248 articles (the largest constitution in the Chilean history). It was created by José Antonio Rodríguez Aldea. It was the first constitution that established a bicameral legislature, meanwhile, the figure of the supreme director as executive power remained, for a 6-year period, with a possibility of reelection for another 4 years. For the most part of the powerful Chilean ruling class, this fundamental charter made the O'Higgins government was intolerable; O'Higgins finally had to abdicate his office in January 1823, and in the final days of that year this constitution was replaced.[6]

Institutional adjustment period

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After O'Higgins resignation, there was a time of "political learning" that produced many constitutional texts that failed to take hold due to successive political crises.

  • Political and Permanent Constitution of Chilean State (1823). Known also as "moralist constitution", its principal creator was Mariano Egaña. His nickname "moralist" came by its normative characteristics that directed the activities of citizens, including private. For this reason and its difficult application in the society at that time, it was suspended in July 1824 and derogated in 1824 by the government of Ramón Freire.
  • There was a set of Federal Acts in 1826, proposed by José Miguel Infante. Chile was divided into eight provinces with autonomy but without defining clear boundaries, resulting in conflicts between them. Acts were derogated in 1827 during Francisco Antonio Pinto rule.
  • Constitution of Chile (1828). Called "liberal constitution" (as opposed to 1833 text), its ideologist was José Joaquín de Mora, joined with Santiago Concha. This text was used as a model for the subsequent constitutions. It noted that it was unenforceable, but problems arose following the 1829 election, to divide national politics between pipiolos (liberals) and pelucones (conservatives) in the presidential election, that later became a civil war that was a conservative victory. The legislature is exercised by a bicameral National Congress, with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. The executive branch consists of the president and vice president, which are elected by an indirect vote. The judiciary is filed in the Supreme Court, courts of appeal and courts of the first instance.

Consolidated republic

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After the end of the institutional crisis, Chile began to consolidate its political institutions, while living different influences throughout its history (conservatism, liberalism, populism, etc.).

In this period, texts are qualified as "authentic" constitutions in the sense that define the fundamental rights, establish the relationship between state and citizens, set and regulate the functions of branches of government and their authorities; mechanisms of law creation and constitutional reform. All texts define Chile as a unitary state, the president is both head of state and government, with a bicameral congress and independent judiciary.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bizzarro 2005, p. 63.
  2. ^ "Chile, national: Provisions for the Constitution (1812)". The Rise of Modern Constitutionalism (1776–1849). Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  3. ^ Collier & Sater 2004, p. 35.
  4. ^ a b Bizzarro 2005, p. 178.
  5. ^ Collier & Sater 2004, p. 46-47.
  6. ^ Collier & Sater 2004, p. 47-48.
  7. ^ "Chilean voters overwhelmingly reject proposed leftist constitution".

Bibliography

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  • Bizzarro, Salvatore (2005). Historical Dictionary of Chile. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810865426.
  • Collier, Simon; Sater, William (2004). A History of Chile, 1808-2002. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521534840.
  • Campos Harriet, Fernando (1999). Historia Constitucional de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Jurídica de Chile. Séptima edición, 2005. ISBN 956-10-0405-4.
  • Carrasco Delgado, Sergio (1980 [2002]). Génesis y vigencia de los textos constitucionales chilenos (3.ª edición). Santiago de Chile: Editorial Jurídica de Chile. ISBN 956101405-X.
  • Silva Bascuñán, Alejandro (1997). Tratado de Derecho Constitucional. Tomo III: La Constitución de 1980. Antecedentes y génesis. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Jurídica de Chile. ISBN 9561011786.
  • Silva Galdames, Osvaldo (1995). Breve Historia Contemporánea de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
  • Soto Kloss, Eduardo (1996). Derecho Administrativo: bases fundamentales. Tomo II El Principio de Juridicidad. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Jurídica de Chile.
  • Valencia Avaria, Luis (1986). Anales de la República: textos constitucionales de Chile y registro de los ciudadanos que han integrado los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo desde 1810 (2.ª edición). Santiago de Chile: Editorial Andrés Bello.


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