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Draft:List of case studies on tornadoes

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Meteorologist, structural and forensic engineer Timothy P. Marshall surveys a neighborhood that was devastated by the 2013 Moore tornado

This is a list of government or academic case studies on individual tornadoes or tornado outbreaks. Large scientific studies, like Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events by Thomas P. Grazulis[1][2], are not included on this list, since case studies specifically focus on a single event or handful of events.[3][4]

List

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Pre–1900

[edit]
List of case studies on tornadoes before 1900
Tornado(es) Max rating Author(s) Summary
1764 Woldegk tornado T11/F5 Gottlob Burchard Genzmer The first ever case study on a tornado was conducted by Genzmer between 1764-1765. This case study was 77-paragraphs long.[5]
Bernold Feuerstein, Thilo Kühne In 2015, the researchers with the European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) and Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (MPIK) published a detailed damage survey and analysis on the tornado.[6]
1835 New Brunswick tornado F? James Pollard Espy, William Charles Redfield, Lewis C. Beck, W. C. Redfield, multiple other scientists Between 1839 and 1841, a detailed survey of damage path of significant tornado that struck New Brunswick, New Jersey on 19 June 1835, which was the deadliest tornado in New Jersey history, occurred. The path was surveyed by many scientists on account of its location between New York City and Philadelphia, including early tornado theorists James Pollard Espy and William Charles Redfield. Scientists disagreed whether there was whirling, convergent, or rotational motion. A conclusion that remains accurate today is that the most intense damage tends to be on right side of a tornado (with respect to direction of forward movement), which was found to be generally easterly).[7][8]
1838 Calcutta tornado F? J. Floyd A case study in 1838 on a tornado which struck near where modern-day Calcutta, West Bengal, India is.[9]
1865 Pundooah tornado F? Chunder Sikur Chatterjee The first in India and earliest known scientific survey of a tornado that analyzed structure and dynamics was published in 1865 by Indian scientist Chunder Sikur Chatterjee. The path damage survey of a tornado that occurred at Pundooah (now Pandua), Hugli district, West Bengal, India, was documented on maps and revealed multiple vortices, the tornadocyclone, and direction of rotation,[10] predating work by John Park Finley, Alfred Wegener, Johannes Letzmann, and Ted Fujita.
September 1886 tornado outbreak F2 Lieutenant Jno. P. Finley Lieutenant Jno. P. Finley in the United States Army Signal Corps, under official orders from the United States military, wrote a case study on tornado outbreak which occurred between September 12-18, 1886. Finley studied 26 tornadoes which occurred during the outbreak.[11][1]
1895 Augusta tornadoes F2 D. Fisher D. Fisher with the United States Weather Bureau (USWB) published a case study on a tornado which struck Augusta, Georgia on March 20, 1895, along with a twin tornado and a satellite tornado, which also struck Augusta.[12][1]
Tornado outbreak of May 3, 1895 F5 USWB The United States Weather Bureau (USWB) conducted a short case study on the tornado outbreak, tracking each of the 18 tornadoes that occurred during the outbreak.[13][1]
1895 Cherry Hill tornado F? E. H. Emery, H. Goucher Meteorologists at the United States Weather Bureau conducted a case study on a tornado which struck Cherry Hill, New Jersey on July 13, 1895. The case study included a damage survey and meteorological analysis of the storm.[14]
1895 Woodhaven tornado F? E. H. Emery, H. Goucher Meteorologists at the United States Weather Bureau conducted a case study on a tornado which struck Woodhaven, Long Island, New York, on July 13, 1895. The case study included a damage survey and meteorological analysis of the storm. The case study also mentioned an "investigating committee" surveyed the tornado's damage.[14]

1900–1919

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List of case studies on tornadoes between 1900–1919
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary

1920s

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List of case studies on tornadoes during the 1920s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary

1930s

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List of case studies on tornadoes during the 1930s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary

1940s

[edit]
List of case studies on tornadoes during the 1940s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary
1945 Montgomery–Chisholm tornado F3 A case study on specifically on the 1945 Montgomery tornado. In the study, Floyd C. Pate described the tornado as "the most officially observed one in history", as it passed 2 miles (3.2 km) away from four different government weather stations, including the United States Weather Bureau office in Montgomery.[15]

1950s

[edit]
List of case studies on tornadoes during the 1950s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary
1957 Dallas tornado F3 In September 1958, E.P. Segner Jr. published a case study on the 1957 Dallas tornado. In the analysis, Senger estimated that the tornado had winds at least up to 302 mph (486 km/h), due to the obliteration of a large billboard.[16]

1960s

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List of case studies on tornadoes during the 1960s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary

1970s

[edit]
List of case studies on tornadoes during the 1970s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary

1980s

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List of case studies on tornadoes during the 1980s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary

1990s

[edit]
List of case studies on tornadoes during the 1990s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary

2000s

[edit]
List of case studies on tornadoes during the 2000s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary
2005 Birmingham tornado T6 A detailed damage survey and analysis for the rare tornado in the United Kingdom by Timothy P. Marshall and Stuart Robinson.[17]
The 2007 Greensburg tornado family EF5 A detailed case study, by Leslie R. Lemon with the University of Oklahoma and Mike Umscheid with the National Weather Service on The Greensburg tornado family.[18]
2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford tornado EF5 A detailed damage survey and analysis for the EF5 tornado which was published by Timothy P. Marshall with Haag Engineering, Karl A. Jungbluth with the National Weather Service, and Abigail Baca with RMS Consulting Group, through the American Meteorological Society.[19]

2010s

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List of case studies on tornadoes during the 2010s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary
2011 Super Outbreak EF5 A detailed analysis of several tornadoes during the Super Outbreak by Shadya J. Sanders with Howard University.[20]

2020s

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from List of case studies on tornadoes (2020–present) § List.[edit]

Case studies published by academia are included in this list. As part of the United States National Weather Service's (NWS) and Environment and Climate Change Canada's (ECCC) official duties, they are required to conduct a damage survey on every tornado in the United States and Canada. For this reason, only publications by the NWS and ECCC beyond a standard damage survey are included as, on average, over 1,200 tornadoes occur annually in the two countries together. Tornado records in Europe are kept by the European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) in the European Severe Weather Database. For this reason, only publications by ESSL outside of the database are included.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
List of case studies on tornadoes and tornado outbreaks during the 2020s
Tornado(es) Max rating Summary
2020 Nashville tornado outbreak N/A Researchers with Mississippi State University and Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis published a case study on how TV stations covered the outbreak.[21]
2020 Nashville tornado EF3 Researchers with the University of Oklahoma’s CIWRO, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, the University of Maryland, College Park published a case study on the short-term forecasting of this nocturnal tornado.[22]
2020 Cookeville tornado EF4 Researchers with the University of Oklahoma’s CIWRO, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, the University of Maryland, College Park published a case study on the short-term forecasting of this nocturnal tornado.[22]
Researchers from the University of Oklahoma, Auburn University, and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign conducted a case study on survivors of the tornado can help future forensic engineering.[23]
2020 Easter tornado outbreak N/A Researchers with the University of Oklahoma’s CIWRO, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and National Weather Service forecasting office in Columbia, South Carolina, published a case study on the forecasting of and the aftermath of the second day of the 2020 Easter tornado outbreak, more commonly known as the Central Savannah River outbreak.[24]
Researchers with Mississippi State University and Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis published a case study on how TV stations covered the outbreak.[21]
2020 Scarth tornado CEF3 Researchers with the University of Western Ontario's Northern Tornado Project conducted a case study on this tornado, in which, they estimated the tornado had winds of at least 110–119 metres per second (250–270 mph; 400–430 km/h) based on an analysis of an SUV and a truck thrown by the tornado 50 metres (55 yd) and 100 metres (110 yd) respectively.[25]
2021 South Moravia tornado IF4 Researchers with the European Severe Storms Laboratory, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Meteopress, Comenius University, and Charles University published a detailed damage survey of the tornado using the brand new International Fujita scale (IF-scale).[26]
A case study by Simona Hoskovcová, Martina Wolf Čapková, and Štěpán Vymětalon on the "phycological crisis" created by the tornado.[27]
Researchers with Palacký University Olomouc and the Police Academy of the Czech Republic in Prague published a case study on the tornado.[28]
Researchers with the Brno University of Technology published a case study on the damage caused by the tornado.[29]
Researchers with the European Severe Storms Laboratory, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Charles University , Meteopress, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Commenius University, Geosphere, Austrocontrol, and Brno University of Technology, published a detailed damage survey of the tornado through the American Meteorological Society using a new version of the International Fujita scale.[30]
Tornado outbreak of July 11–13, 2021 N/A Researchers with Peking University, China Meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory, Foshan Tornado Research Center, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, and the China Meteorological Administration published a case study on the tornado outbreak, which was the second-ever record tornado outbreak in Chinese history.[31]
2021 Quad-State Supercell N/A Researchers with the University of Nebraska–Lincoln published a detailed case study on the polarimetric radar observations obtained on the 2021 Quad-State Supercell, which produced 11 tornadoes, including two long-track, violent EF4 tornadoes.[32]
2021 Western Kentucky tornado EF4 A case study by Rebecca Freihaut with the University of Central Florida on how the residents of Mayfield, Kentucky recovered after the tornado.[33]
A case study by researchers from Pennsylvania State University on how historic masonry structures in Mayfield, Kentucky performed during the tornado.[34]
A detailed damage survey and analysis of part of the tornado's track, focusing mainly on Mayfield, Kentucky published by Timothy Marshall, a meteorologist, structural and forensic engineer; Zachary B. Wienhoff, with Haag Engineering Company; Christine L. Wielgos, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of Paducah; and Brian E. Smith, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of Omaha. In their conclusion, the researchers state, “the tornado damage rating might have been higher had more wind resistant structures been encountered. Also, the fast forward speed of the tornado had little ‘dwell’ time of strong winds over a building and thus, the damage likely would have been more severe if the tornado were slower.”[35]
2022 Arabi–New Orleans tornado EF3 Researchers with Auburn University, Florida International University, Pennsylvania State University, Louisiana State University, University of South Alabama, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, University of Kentucky, and CoreLogic, published an academic case study on how hurricane-resistant houses performed during the tornado.[36]
2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City tornado EF4 The National Weather Service offices in Jackson, Mississippi and Nashville, Tennessee, along with the National Severe Storms Laboratory and the University of Oklahoma's CIWRO publish a joint damage survey and analysis on the tornado.[37]
A case study from researchers with Nanyang Technological University and the University of California on how soil moisture observations led to discrepancies being discovered on the tornado’s track vs spotter confirmations vs official damage assessments from the National Weather Service.[38]
A case study by researchers from the Microsoft AI for Good Research Lab, Microsoft Philanthropies, and the American Red Cross on how rapid building damage assessment was conducted following the tornado.[39]
A case study by researchers with the University of Oklahoma's CIWRO, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Mississippi/Alabama Sea Grant on the tornado.[40]
2023 Black Hawk–Winona tornado EF3 The National Weather Service offices in Jackson, Mississippi and Nashville, Tennessee, along with the National Severe Storms Laboratory and the University of Oklahoma's CIWRO publish a joint damage survey and analysis on the tornado.[37]
A case study by researchers with the University of Oklahoma's CIWRO, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Mississippi/Alabama Sea Grant on the tornado.[40]
2023 New Wren–Amory tornado EF3 The National Weather Service offices in Jackson, Mississippi and Nashville, Tennessee, along with the National Severe Storms Laboratory and the University of Oklahoma's CIWRO publish a joint damage survey and analysis on the tornado.[37]
Researchers with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory conducted a case study and detailed damage survey of the tornado.[41]
A case study by researchers with the University of Oklahoma's CIWRO, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Mississippi/Alabama Sea Grant on the tornado.[40]
Tornado outbreak of April 19–20, 2023 N/A The National Weather Service office in Norman, Oklahoma published a detailed damage survey and analysis for tornadoes during the outbreak.[42]
2023 Didsbury tornado CEF4 Researchers with the University of Western Ontario's Northern Tornado Project conducted a case study on this tornado, in which, they estimated the tornado had winds at least 119 metres per second (270 mph; 430 km/h) based on an analysis of a New Holland TR86 combine harvester that was thrown 100 metres (110 yd) by the tornado.[25]
2023 Jersey tornado IF3 Researchers with the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO), Met Office, and Jersey Met, published a case study on the storm which produced an intense tornado and a hailstorm on the island nation of Jersey.[43]
2024 oThongathi tornado EF3 The South African Weather Service conducted a nine-day damage survey and case study on the rare tornado.[44]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  2. ^ "Coming Soon: An Update to the Definitive Book on U.S. Tornadoes". Weather Underground. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  3. ^ Bromley, D. B. (1986). The case-study method in psychology and related disciplines. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-90853-3. OCLC 12235475.
  4. ^ Feagin, Joe R.; Orum, Anthony M.; Sjoberg, Gideon (1991). A Case for the case study. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1973-5. OCLC 22909879.
  5. ^ Gottlob Burchard Genzmer (June 9, 2005). "Beschreibung des Orcans, welcher den 29. Jun. 1764 einen Strich von etlichen Meilen im Stargardischen Kreise des Herzogthums Mecklenburg gewaltig verwüstet hat" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2005. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  6. ^ Bernold Feuerstein; Thilo Kühne (September 2015). "A violent tornado in mid-18th century Germany: the Genzmer Report". ECSS 2015 - European Conference on Severe Storms at: Wiener Neustadt, Austria. 8. European Severe Storms Laboratory. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3733.8085. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  7. ^ Beck, Lewis C. (July 1839). "Note on the New Brunswick Tornado, or Water Spout of 1835". American Journal of Science and Arts. 36: 115–118.
  8. ^ Redfield, W. C. (June 1841). "Whirling Action of the New Brunswick Tornado". American Railroad Journal. 12: 345–352.
  9. ^ Floyd, J. (July 1838). "Account of the hurricane or whirlwind of the 8th April 1838". American Journal of Science. 36. India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and Arts: 71–75. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  10. ^ De, S.; A. K. Sahai (2019). "Was the earliest documented account of tornado dynamics published by an Indian scientist in an Indian journal?". Weather. 75 (4): 120–123. doi:10.1002/wea.3485. S2CID 149888981.
  11. ^ Finley, Jno. P. (September 1886). "TORNADO STUDIES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1886". Monthly Weather Review. 14 (9). United States Army Signal Corps: 257–259. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1886)14[257:TSFS]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  12. ^ Fisher, D. (March 1895). "Chart VIII. Path of tornado, Augusta, GA, March 20, 1895". Monthly Weather Review. 23 (3). American Meteorological Society: c8–c8. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1895)233[c8:CVPOTA]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  13. ^ United States Weather Bureau (1 May 1895). "Chart VIII. The Tornadoes of May 3, 1895". Monthly Weather Review. 23 (5). American Meteorological Society: c8–c8. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1895)235[c8:CVTTOM]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  14. ^ a b Emery, E. H.; Goucher, H. (1 July 1895). "TORNADOES AT CHERRY HILL, N. J., AND WOOD-HAVEN, LONG ISLAND, N.Y." Monthly Weather Review. 23 (7). American Meteorological Society: 252–253. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1895)23[252:TACHNJ]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  15. ^ F. C. Pate (October 1946). "The Tornado at Montgomery, Alabama, February 12, 1945". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 27 (8). American Meteorological Society: 462–464. JSTOR 26257954. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  16. ^ E.P. Segner Jr. (7 September 1958). "Estimates of Minimum Wind Forces Causing Structural Damage". Second National Conference on Applied Meteorology: Engineering. American Meteorological Society and American Society of Civil Engineers: 169–175. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  17. ^ Marshall, Timothy P.; Robinson, Stuart (8 November 2006). "Birmingham U.K. Tornado: 28 July 2005" (PDF). 23rd Conference on Severe Local Storms. 9. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  18. ^ Lemon, Leslie R.; Umscheid, Mike (October 27, 2008). The Greensburg, Kansas Tornadic Storm: A storm of Extremes (PDF). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  19. ^ Marshall, Timothy P.; Jungbluth, Karl A.; Baca, Abigail (August 2008). "The Parkersburg, IA Tornado: May 25, 2008" (Academic conference publication). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Savannah, Georgia: Haag Engineering, National Weather Service, RMS Consulting Group via the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  20. ^ "Comparative Analysis of Multiple Tornado Tracks During Severe Weather Outbreaks: 2011 Super Outbreak, Alabama". Eighth Symposium on Policy and Socio-economic Research. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  21. ^ a b Sherman-Morris, Kathleen; Ali, S. M. Asger (January 2024). "An Exploratory Content Analysis of Two Local Television Stations' Tornado Warning Broadcasts". Weather, Climate, and Society. 16 (1). American Meteorological Society: 155–170. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-23-0011.1. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  22. ^ a b Galarneau, Thomas J.; Wicker, Louis J.; Knopfmeier, Kent H.; Miller, William J. S.; Skinner, Patrick S.; Wilson, Katie A. (June 2022). "Short-Term Prediction of a Nocturnal Significant Tornado Outbreak Using a Convection-Allowing Ensemble". Weather and Forecasting. 37 (6). American Meteorological Society: 1027–1047. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-21-0160.1. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  23. ^ LaDue, Daphne S.; Roueche, David; Lombardo, Frank; Mayeux, Lara (23 May 2024). "Linking Survivor Stories to Forensic Engineering: How an Interscience Approach Reveals Opportunities for Reducing Tornado Vulnerability in Residential Structures". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0036.1. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  24. ^ Kerr, Christopher A.; Alsheimer, Frank (June 2022). "Storm-Scale Predictability and Analysis of the 13 April 2020 Central Savannah River Area Tornado Outbreak". Weather and Forecasting. 37 (6). American Meteorological Society: 901–913. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-21-0185.1. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  25. ^ a b Miller, Connell S.; Kopp, Gregory A.; Sills, David M.L.; Butt, Daniel G. (20 May 2024). "Estimating wind speeds in tornadoes using debris trajectories of large compact objects". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-23-0251.1. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  26. ^ Pucik, Tomas; Ryva, David; Singer, Miroslav; Stanek, Miloslav; Gorenemeijer, Pieter (23 June 2022). "Damage Survey of the Violent Tornado in Southeast Czechia on 24 June 2021" (PDF). Europe: European Severe Storms Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  27. ^ Hoskovcová, Simona; Vymětal, Štěpán; Wolf Čapková, Martina (30 December 2021). "Tornádo 2021 v České republice – psychosociální pomoc IZS v zasažených oblastech". E-psychologie. 15 (4): 60–68. doi:10.29364/epsy.421. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  28. ^ Mika, Otakar Jiri; Otrisal, Pavel (15 September 2022). "A Devastating Tornado in Moravia 2021" (PDF). Challenges to National Defence in Contemporary Geopolitical Situation. 3rd International Conference. Vilnius, Lithuania. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  29. ^ Mikulík, Michal; Hanák, Tomáš; Sokol, Patrik; Výskala, Miloslav (4 April 2023). "Determination of the extent of damage and calculation of the indemnity in case of natural disaster – tornado in South Moravia". Archives of Civil Engineering. Warsaw University of Technology. doi:10.24425/ace.2023.144193. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  30. ^ Púčik, Tomáš; Rýva, David; Staněk, Miloslav; Šinger, Miroslav; Groenemeijer, Pieter; Pistotnik, Georg; Kaltenberger, Rainer; Zich, Miloš; Koláček, Jan; Holzer, Alois (10 April 2024). "The violent tornado on 24 June 2021 in Czechia: damage survey, societal impacts and lessons learned" (Academic publication). Weather, Climate, and Society. -1 (aop). European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL), Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Charles University (CU), Meteopress, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ), Commenius University, Geosphere, Austrocontrol, and Brno University of Technology (BUT) via the American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-23-0080.1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  31. ^ Wen, Jingyi; Meng, Zhiyong; Bai, Lanqiang; Zhou, Ruilin (April 2024). "A Comparison between the Only Two Documented Tornado Outbreak Events in China: Tropical Cyclone versus Extratropical Cyclone Environments". Weather and Forecasting. 39 (4). American Meteorological Society: 613–638. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-23-0083.1. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  32. ^ Van Den Broeke, Matthew S.; Wilson, Matthew B.; Van Den Broeke, Cynthia A.; Healey, Devon J.; Wood, Michaela J.; Nelson, Raychel E. (September 2023). "Polarimetric Radar Observations of a Long-Lived Supercell and Associated Tornadoes on 10–11 December 2021". Monthly Weather Review. 151 (9). American Meteorological Society: 2501–2520. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-22-0330.1. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  33. ^ Freihaut, Rebecca (2023). "The Study of Crisis Narratives Over Time: Mayfield, KY in the Aftermath of the 2021 Tornadoes". Graduate Thesis and Dissertation 2023-2024. University of Central Florida. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  34. ^ Kaushal, Saanchi S.; Gutierrez Soto, Mariantonieta; Napolitano, Rebecca (September 2023). "Understanding the Performance of Historic Masonry Structures in Mayfield, KY after the 2021 Tornadoes". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 63: 120–134. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2023.07.002. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  35. ^ Timothy P. Marshall (Haag Engineering Company); Zachary B. Wienhoff (Haag Engineering Company); Brian E. Smith (NOAA/NWS); Christine L. Wielgos (NOAA/NWS) (January 2022). "Damage Survey of the Mayfield, KY Tornado: 10 December 2021". Academia.edu: 1–13. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  36. ^ Roueche, David B.; Chen, Guangzhao; Soto, Mariantonieta Gutierrez; Kameshwar, Sabarethinam; Safiey, Amir; Do, Trung; Lombardo, Franklin T.; Nakayama, Jordan O.; Rittelmeyer, Brandon M.; Palacio-Betancur, Alejandro; Demaree, Garrett (May 2024). "Performance of Hurricane-Resistant Housing during the 2022 Arabi, Louisiana, Tornado". Journal of Structural Engineering. 150 (5). American Society of Civil Engineers. doi:10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12986. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  37. ^ a b c National Weather Service in Jackson, Mississippi (22 September 2023). "The Intense Mississippi Tornadoes of March 24, 2023" (StoryMap). ArcGIS StoryMaps. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  38. ^ Wang, Jingyu; Wang, Xianfeng; Park, Edward; Lin, Yun (31 July 2023). "Brief communication: Soil moisture observations reconcile the discrepancy in detecting tornado early-stage track during the 24–25 March 2023 Mississippi outbreak". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions: 1–10. doi:10.5194/nhess-2023-100. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  39. ^ Robinson, Caleb; Nsutezo, Simone Fobi; Ortiz, Anthony; Sederholm, Tina; Dodhia, Rahul; Birge, Cameron; Richards, Kasie; Pitcher, Kris; Duarte, Paulo; Ferres, Juan M. Lavista (2023). "Rapid Building Damage Assessment Workflow: An Implementation for the 2023 Rolling Fork, Mississippi Tornado Event". Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) Workshops: 3760–3764. arXiv:2306.12589. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  40. ^ a b c Berry, Kodi L. (13 June 2024). "Coordinating physical and social science data collections for the 24 March 2023 Rolling Fork–Winona–Amory, MS, tornado event". 51st Conference on Broadcast Meteorology / Seventh Conference on Weather Warnings and Communication. Myrtle Beach, South Carolina: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  41. ^ Hines, Jairus; Haldeman, Dakota (May 2023). "Trip Report - Amory, MS Tornado Damage Survey" (PDF). ORNL/SPR-2023/2931. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  42. ^ National Weather Service (21 April 2023). "April 19, 2023 Large Hail & Tornado Event" (StoryMap). ArcGIS StoryMaps. Norman, Oklahoma: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  43. ^ Knightley, Paul; Horton, Sarah; Clark, Matthew; Winter, Matthew (March 2024). "The Jersey tornado and hailstorm of 1–2 November 2023". Weather. 79 (3). Royal Meteorological Society: 81–84. doi:10.1002/wea.4530. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  44. ^ "oThongathi tornado rated EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita scale" (PDF). Pretoria: South African Weather Service. 12 June 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
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