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Education in Alabama

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Education in Alabama consists of public and private schools in Alabama, including the University of Alabama, private colleges, and secondary and primary schools.

History

Private and locally established common schools existed in the old Mississippi Territory in what is now Alabama.

The 1819 State Constitution declared,

Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged in this State; and the General Assembly shall take measures to preserve, from unnecessary waste or damage, such lands as are or hereafter may be granted by the United States for the use of schools within each township in this State, and apply the funds, which may be raised from such lands; in strict conformity to the object of such grant. The General Assembly shall take like measures for the improvement of such lands as have been or may be hereafter granted by the United States to this State, for the support of a Seminary of learning, and the moneys which may be raised from such lands, by rent, lease, or sale, or from any other quarter, for the purpose, aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for the exclusive support of a State University, for the promotion of the arts, literature, and the sciences: and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as early as may be, to provide effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds and endowments of such institution. [1]

In 1822, Athens State University was established as a private institution called the Athens Female Academy. It did not become a public school until 1974. LaGrange College was established as a private college in 1830. It was destroyed during the war and reestablished in 1872. It is now the University of North Alabama.

In 1850, there were 1,323 schools with about thirty-seven thousand students enrolled.[2]

The state's voters approved a referendum calling for free public schools for White children in 1852. The legislature approved funding for such schools in the 1854 Public Schools Act. This decision was not without controversy. The 1858 Report of the Superintendent of Education, Gabriel B. Du Val discussed the population's attitude toward education, "Fortunately however for Alabama, and it is believed the Southern States generally, this indifference has not not been felt toward education itself but toward governmental aid in procuring it. The happy condition of our social relations and general diffusion of wealth has rendered it comparatively unnecessary, wherever it was needed private generosity generally anticipated public aid."[3]

By 1860, about a quarter of White school-aged children were enrolled.[4] The 1868 constitution required free, racially-integrated public school funded by the state.[5] During this period, it was a crime in Alabama to teach a slave to read.[6]

In 1880, a quarter of all Whites over the age of ten were illiterate. The number was 18.84% in 1890 and 14.8% in 1900. Only two states, South Carolina and Louisiana had lower figures.[7] Comparable national illiteracy rates are 1880 17%, 1890 13% and 1900 11%.[8] In 2012, the state reported 14.8% of all adults were illiterate.[9] Recent reports use different standards of illiteracy than earlier compilations, and so the numbers are not completely comparable.

In the 1890s, about 25% of White and 38% of Black students who entered the first grade left in their first month, unable to pay tuition.[10]

The state's 1901 constitution prohibited both racially-integrated schools and state aid to religious schools. It reduced property taxes but required schools to be funded by the localities using tuition and user fees.[10]

Eighty days of schooling per year was made mandatory in 1915, but the requirement could be waived for the very poor.[11] The state began to require each county to have a high school, and by 1918 all but ten counties met the obligation.[12] By the mid-1930s, two-third of the children of landowners reached high school, but only a third of the children of White sharecroppers.[13] In an effort to reduce illiteracy the state created "Opportunity Schools" in 1920. These schools enrolled young adults who had not completed fourth grade. The schools taught basic reading and writing to the fourth-grade level.[14]

As a reaction to Brown v Board of Education in 1954, both state and local officials took steps to preserve de facto educational segregation. In 1955 the state allowed public schools to use intelligence and other tests to assign students. Such tests were a method to keep schools segregated. The state also allowed public funds to flow to private schools that admitted only students of one race. In 1956 the first Black student was admitted to the University of Alabama, she was then immediately expelled.[15] In 1958 John Patterson was elected governor on a platform that promised "if a school is ordered to be integrated, it will be closed down." As late as 1965, schools in Jefferson County were still totally segregated.[6]

Primary and secondary education

Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the overview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,541 individual schools provide education for 743,364 elementary and secondary students.[16]

Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year.[16] In 2007, over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama. In 2004, 23 percent of schools met AYP.[17]

While Alabama's public education system has improved, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data from 2000, Alabama's high school graduation rate – 75% – is the second lowest in the United States (after Mississippi).[18] The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.[19] This value dropped to 72% for the 2010-2011 school year, but at least 8 states had a lower figure than Alabama that year.[20]

There have been concerns about literacy. 130 high schools out of 367 in the state either failed reading or were classified as "borderline" for 11th graders for the school year 2008-9. 60% of Alabama's school systems had at least one school that failed reading or was borderline.[21]

The state provides education from grades Kindergarten through grade 12. It established a pre-kindergarten program. This program was recognized in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 as having the highest quality standards, tied for first place with North Carolina.[22] In addition to state funded pre-k programs administered through the state, some public schools in the state offer pre-k through the use of local and federal funds. The appropriation for the state funded pre-k program is $18,376,806.[23][24] Currently, 7% of the state's four-year-olds participate in the First Class program.

Although unusual in the West, school corporal punishment is not uncommon in Alabama, with 27,260 public school students[25] paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.[26] The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed only by Mississippi and Arkansas.[26]

Colleges and universities

Main article: List of colleges and universities in Alabama
Harrison Plaza at the University of North Alabama in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the Alabama Legislature in 1830.

Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, numerous two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to 16 doctoral level programs.[27]

Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges as well as a plethora of subject focused national and international accreditation agencies.[28]

Charter schools

Alabama has no charter schools. Governor Bob Riley (R) proposed charter schools to the Alabama legislature, but the proposition was killed in House and Senate committees in mid-February 2010. Opposition to charter schools has been fierce, by Democrats, city and county school systems, and the Alabama Education Association.[29]

See also

List of school districts in Alabama

Notes

  1. ^ "1819 State Constitution". State of Alabama. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  2. ^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 818: University of Alabama Press. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^ Du Val, Gabriel B. (1859). Report of Gabriel B Du Val, Superintendent of Education. State of Alabama. p. 5.
  4. ^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 1009: University of Alabama Press. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 5698: University of Alabama Press. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  6. ^ a b Hanna-Jones, Nikole (6 September 2017). "The Resegrgation of Jefferson County". New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  7. ^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 4038: University of Alabama Press. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. ^ "National Assessment of Adult Literacy". National Center for Educational Statisitics. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  9. ^ "County Health Rankings and Roadmaps". County Health Rankings. State of Alabama. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  10. ^ a b Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 5400: University of Alabama Press. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. ^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 5674: University of Alabama Press. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  12. ^ Harvey, Gordon. "Public Education in the Early Twentieth Century". Enclycopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  13. ^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 2028: University of Alabama Press. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  14. ^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 5746: University of Alabama Press. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  15. ^ Ambrose, Stephen (September 28, 1984). Eisenhower the President. 4943: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0671499013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  16. ^ a b "Alabama Education Quick Facts 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  17. ^ "Eighty-Two Percent of Alabama Schools Make AYP While Increasing Annual Measurable Objectives" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-08-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-24.pdf
  19. ^ Education Statistics. CensusScope.org
  20. ^ "High School Graduation Rates by State".
  21. ^ Marie Leech; Jeff Hansen (2009-11-22). "Reading failures plague high schools". The Huntsville Times. The Huntsville Times. pp. A10.
  22. ^ http://www.alabamaschoolreadiness.org/alabamas-pre-k/?pageID=19
  23. ^ http://www.alabamaschoolreadiness.org/about-us/?pageID=3
  24. ^ "Alabama School Readiness Alliance - ASRA".
  25. ^ Please note this figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher.
  26. ^ a b Farrell, Colin (February 2016). "Corporal punishment in US schools". World Corporal Punishment Research. Retrieved April 4, 2016. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ "Degree titles and abbreviations". Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Retrieved 2007-09-03.[permanent dead link]
  28. ^ "Accreditation". Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
  29. ^ http://www2.oanow.com/oan/news/local/article/riley_plan_for_alabama_charter_schools_blocked/131558/
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