Edward Pakenham

Major General The Honourable
Sir Edward Pakenham
GCB
Major General The Honourable Sir Edward Pakenham GCB
Member of the Irish Parliament; for Longford Borough
	In office; 1799–1800
Preceded by	Thomas Pakenham
Succeeded by	Thomas Pakenham
Personal details
Born	Edward Michael Pakenham; 19 March 1778; Pakenham Hall, County Westmeath, Ireland
Died	8 January 1815 (aged 36); St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, U.S.
Resting place	St. Etchen's Church, Killucan; 53°30′49.5″N 7°08′40.3″W / 53.513750°N 7.144528°W
Nationality	British
Relations	The Duke of Wellington (brother-in-law); The Duchess of Wellington (sister);
Parents	The Baron Longford; Lady Catherine Pakenham;
Civilian awards	Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Branch/service	British Army
Years of service	1794–1815
Rank	Major General
Battles/wars	Irish Rebellion of 1798; Napoleonic Wars; Battle of Copenhagen; Peninsular War Battle of Bussaco; Battle of Fuentes de Onoro; ; War of 1812; Battle of New Orleans †;
Military awards	Army Gold Cross

Major General Sir Edward Michael Pakenham, GCB (19 March 1778 – 8 January 1815), was a British Army officer and politician.^[1] He was the son of The Baron Longford and the brother-in-law of The Duke of Wellington, with whom he served in the Peninsular War. During the War of 1812, he was commander of British forces in North America (1814–15). On 8 January 1815, Pakenham was killed in action while leading his men at the Battle of New Orleans.^[2]

Early life

Pakenham was born at Pakenham Hall (present-day Tullynally Castle) in County Westmeath, Ireland, to Edward Pakenham, 2nd Baron Longford, and his wife Catherine Rowley. He was educated at The Royal School, Armagh. His family purchased his commission as a lieutenant in the 92nd Regiment of Foot when he was only sixteen.

Political career

Between 1799 and 1800, Pakenham also represented Longford Borough in the Irish House of Commons.

Military career

Pakenham served with the 23rd Light Dragoons against the French in Ireland during the 1798 Rebellion and later in Nova Scotia, Barbados, and Saint Croix. He led his men in an attack on Saint Lucia in 1803, where he was wounded. He also fought in the Danish campaign at the Battle of Copenhagen (1807) and in Martinique against the French Empire, where he received another wounding. In 1806, his sister Catherine married Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington.

Peninsular War

Pakenham, as adjutant-general, joined his well-known in-law, the Duke of Wellington, in the Peninsular War. He commanded a regiment in the Battle of Bussaco in 1810 and in 1811 fought in the Battle of Fuentes de Onoro to defend the besieged fortress of Almeida, helping to secure a British victory. In 1812 he was praised for his performance at Salamanca in which he commanded the Third Division and hammered onto the flank of the extended French line. He also received the Army Gold Cross and clasps for the battles of Martinique, Busaco, Fuentes de Oñoro, Salamanca, Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Orthez, and Toulouse.

War of 1812

In September 1814, Pakenham, having been promoted to the rank of major general, accepted an offer to replace General Robert Ross as commander of the British North American army, after Ross was killed during the skirmishing prior to the Battle of North Point near Baltimore.

The next year during the Battle of New Orleans while rallying his troops near the enemy line, grapeshot from US artillery shattered his left knee and killed his horse. As he was helped to his feet by his senior aide-de-camp, Major Duncan MacDougall, Pakenham was wounded a second time in his right arm. After he mounted MacDougall's horse, more grapeshot ripped through his spine, fatally wounding him, and he was carried off the battlefield on a stretcher. He was laid beneath the oaks which today still bear his name.^[3] He was 36. His last words were reputed to be telling MacDougall to find General John Lambert to tell him to assume command as well as "Tell him... tell Lambert to send forward the reserves."^[4] The battle ended in defeat for the British.

The American commander was Brevet Major General Andrew Jackson, who would go on to become the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. A general ceasefire had already been declared by the Treaty of Ghent, signed on 24 December 1814, but as peace was not yet ratified in Washington as required by the treaty, the two nations were still formally at war. The news of the treaty did not reach the combatants until February, several weeks after the battle.^[5]

Wellington had held Pakenham in high regard and was deeply saddened by news of his death, commenting:

We have but one consolation, that he fell as he lived, in the honourable discharge of his duty and distinguished as a soldier and a man. I cannot but regret that he was ever employed on such a service or with such a colleague. The expedition to New Orleans originated with that colleague... The Americans were prepared with an army in a fortified position which still would have been carried, if the duties of others, that is of the Admiral (Sir Alexander Cochrane), had been as well performed as that of he whom we now lament.^[6]

Legacy

There is a statue in his memory at the South Transept of St Paul's Cathedral in London. His body was returned in a cask of rum and buried in the Pakenham family vault in Killucan in County Westmeath, Ireland.

The village of Pakenham in Ontario, Canada, named in honour of the general's short visit there and his role in the War of 1812. The village is located on the Mississippi River which originates from Mississippi Lake and empties into the Ottawa River.

There is also a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, named after him.

In the alternative "British Version" of Johnny Horton's novelty hit "The Battle of New Orleans," Horton refers to the British being led into battle by Pakenham. As with other 'historic' details of the song, Horton haphazardly styles him as "Colonel Pakeningham" despite his actually being General Pakenham.

References

^ https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edward-pakenham
^ Stoltz, Joseph F. III (2014). The Gulf Theater, 1813-1815 (PDF). The U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 38. CMH Pub 74–7.
^ Margaret Clark (American writer), The Irish in Louisiana, Bijoux Press., 2007, page 32.
^ Robin Reilly, The British at the Gates, G.P. Putnam's Sons pub., 1974, page 291.
^ Remini, Robert V. (1999). The Battle of New Orleans. New York: Penguin Books. p. 193-194: "Then in mid-February dispatches arrived from Europe announcing that the commissioners in Ghent had signed a treaty of peace with their British counterparts and that the War of 1812 had ended." "the Senate of the United States unanimously (35-0) ratified the Treaty of Ghent on 16 February 1815. Now the war was officially over."
^ Holmes, Richard (2003). Wellington: The Iron Duke Page 206, Harper and Collins

External links

Parliament of Ireland
Preceded by Thomas Pakenham Henry Stewart	Member of Parliament for Longford Borough 1799–1800 With: Thomas Pakenham	Succeeded by Thomas Pakenham Thomas Borrowes

[1] ttps://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edward-pakenham

[2] Stoltz, Joseph F. III (2014). The Gulf Theater, 1813-1815 (PDF). The U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 38. CMH Pub 74–7.

[3] Margaret Clark (American writer), The Irish in Louisiana, Bijoux Press., 2007, page 32.

[4] Robin Reilly, The British at the Gates, G.P. Putnam's Sons pub., 1974, page 291.

[5] Remini, Robert V. (1999). The Battle of New Orleans. New York: Penguin Books. p. 193-194: "Then in mid-February dispatches arrived from Europe announcing that the commissioners in Ghent had signed a treaty of peace with their British counterparts and that the War of 1812 had ended." "the Senate of the United States unanimously (35-0) ratified the Treaty of Ghent on 16 February 1815. Now the war was officially over."

[6] Holmes, Richard (2003). Wellington: The Iron Duke Page 206, Harper and Collins

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v t e War of 1812
Origins Theaters Campaigns Battles Involvement Leaders Aftermath Related topics
Origins	Chesapeake–Leopard affair Orders in Council (1807) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Macon's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe–Pinkney Treaty Little Belt affair Assassination of Spencer Perceval Declaration of war
Theaters and campaigns	Northwestern Chesapeake Gulf
Major battles	Queenston Heights Spur's Defeat Frenchtown Beaver Dams Thames Chateauguay Crysler's Farm Chippawa Lundy's Lane Bladensburg McHenry New Orleans
Involvement	Illinois Territory Indiana Territory Kentucky North Carolina Ohio
Leaders	Isaac Brock William Henry Harrison Andrew Jackson James Madison Edward Pakenham Robert Ross Lord Liverpool Winfield Scott Tecumseh
Aftermath	The Eighth Laura Secord Legacy Trail General Society of the War of 1812 Military Society of the War of 1812 United States Daughters of 1812 War of 1812 Bicentennial
Related topics	Bibliography "The Bold Canadian" Creek War "The Hunters of Kentucky" Napoleonic Wars Opposition in Britain Opposition in the United States "The Star-Spangled Banner" Timeline of the War of 1812
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