Jump to content

Eli Broad

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Alaney2k (talk | contribs) at 03:05, 17 September 2018 (→top: US => Americans). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Eli Broad
File:Eli Broad in 2011.jpg
Broad in 2011 at the University of California, San Francisco.
Born (1933-06-06) June 6, 1933 (age 91)
Bronx, New York, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materMichigan State University
Occupation(s)Founder, The Broad Foundations; Co-founder, KB Home; Founder, SunAmerica
SpouseEdythe Lawson
Children2

Eli Broad (/broʊd/; born June 6, 1933) is an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the only person to build two Fortune 500 companies[2] in different industries (KB Home and SunAmerica). As of October 2015, Forbes ranked Broad the 65th wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $7.4 billion.[1]

Early life and education

Broad was born in 1933 in the Bronx, New York, the only child of Lithuanian Jewish immigrant parents who met in New York.[3][page needed][4] His father worked as a house painter, and his mother worked as a dressmaker.[3][page needed] His family moved to Detroit, Michigan when he was six years old.[3][4] In Detroit, his father was a union organizer, and owned five-and-dime stores.[5] Broad attended Detroit Public Schools and graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1951.[3][page needed][4]

Broad attended Michigan State University, majoring in accounting with a minor in economics and graduating cum laude in 1954. Among the jobs Broad held in college were selling women's shoes, selling garbage disposals door-to-door, and working as a drill press operator at Packard Motor, where he was a member of United Auto Workers.[3][page needed] The same year, 21-year-old Broad married 18-year-old Edythe "Edye" Lawson.[3][page needed]

Broad became the youngest Michigan resident to attain the credentials of Certified Public Accountant (CPA), a record he held until 2010. Broad worked as an accountant for two years and taught night classes at the Detroit Institute of Technology as an assistant professor of accounting in 1956.[3][page needed] Wanting to work on his own, he founded his own accounting firm and was offered office space by the husband of his wife's cousin, Donald Bruce Kaufman, in return for doing the books for Kaufman's small homebuilding and subcontracting business.[4]

Career

Kaufman & Broad

Doing the accounting for Kaufman's small business led Broad to decide to enter homebuilding himself. In 1956, Broad and Kaufman decided to partner and build homes together.[4] Borrowing $12,500 from his wife's parents, Broad put up half the capital in their first venture together, building two model homes in the Northeast Detroit suburbs[4] where a new generation of first-time home buyers were flocking. By streamlining the construction process and eliminating basements, offering a carport instead, they could price the houses so the monthly mortgage would be less than the rent for a two-bedroom apartment. Kaufman and Broad christened this model the "Award Winner" and priced it at $13,700.[4][5] After one weekend, seventeen were sold and within two years, Kaufman and Broad had built 600 homes in the Detroit suburbs.[4] In 1960, fearing that the Detroit economy was too dependent on the automotive business, they moved to Phoenix, Arizona.[4] In 1961, Kaufman and Broad Home Corporation (now KB Home) went public on the American Stock Exchange.[6] In 1963, Broad moved the company to Los Angeles. Soon after, Kaufman retired and he and his wife Glorya Kaufman went on to become noted philanthropists.[4] By 1969, KB Home was the first homebuilder listed on the New York Stock Exchange.[6] In 1974, Broad stepped down as CEO.[4]

SunAmerica

Main article: SunAmerica

In 1971, Broad acquired Sun Life Insurance Company of America, a family-owned insurance company founded in Baltimore in 1890, for $52 million.[7] Broad transformed Sun Life into the retirement savings powerhouse SunAmerica. In 1999, he sold SunAmerica to the American International Group (AIG) for $18 billion.[8] Broad continued as CEO of SunAmerica until 1999, when he left to focus on philanthropy full-time.

Writing

In 2012, Broad's first book, The Art of Being Unreasonable: Lessons in Unconventional Thinking,[9] was published by Wiley and Sons and debuted as a New York Times, Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Washington Post bestseller.[10][11]

Philanthropy and civic engagement

The Eli and Edythe Broad Plaza in front of the Caltrans District 7 Headquarters

Eli and Edythe Broad created The Broad Foundations[12] to advance entrepreneurship for the public good in education, science and the arts. The Broad Foundations, which include The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation and The Broad Art Foundation, have assets of $3 billion.[13]

In 2010, the Broads announced their participation in "The Giving Pledge," a commitment for wealthy individuals to give at least half of their wealth to charity.[14] The Broads personally committed to giving 75% of their wealth away.[15]

In 2017, Broad announced his retirement from The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation, passing responsibility to its president, Gerun Riley. Broad said he would remain as a trustee of the foundation, and continue to serve on the Board of The Broad museum. Broad said he was in good health and felt like it was time to "step back".[16]

Education

The stated mission of the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation's education work is to ensure that every student in an urban public school has the opportunity to succeed.[17] The foundation has made $589 million in grants since it launched in 1999.[18]

The Broad Prize

From 2002 to 2014, The Broad Foundation awarded an annual $1 million Broad Prize for Urban Education.[19] The Broad Prize recognized the large urban school districts in America that have made the greatest improvement in student achievement while narrowing achievement gaps among low-income students and students of color. The Broad Prize has awarded $16 million in college scholarships to high school seniors since 2002.[20] In 2012, the foundation launched the Broad Prize for Public Charter Schools, which awards $250,000 to the top charter management organization in the country. In 2015, the foundation announced that it was suspending the Broad Prize for Urban Education.

The Broad Center

The Broad Center[21] in Los Angeles, California, is a nonprofit organization that seeks to prepare strong leaders of public school systems through The Broad Superintendents Academy[22] (unaccredited) and The Broad Residency in Urban Education (accredited).[23] It is wholly funded by the Broad Foundation.

Arts

Broad has been an influential figure in the art world since 1973 and has had a particular focus on the cultural life of Los Angeles.

Broad Art Center, by Meier at the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture

Broad was the founding chairman of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles in 1979 and chaired the board until 1984. He recruited the founding director of the museum[24] and negotiated the acquisition of the Panza Collection for the museum.

In 2008, The Broad Foundation gave a $30 million challenge grant to rebuild the museum’s endowment and to provide exhibition support. The Foundation's donation was contingent on the museum remaining independent and not merging with Los Angeles County Museum of Art.[25]

Broad is a life trustee of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). In 2003, The Broad Foundation gave $60 million to the museum as part of its renovation campaign to create the Broad Contemporary Art Museum and for an art acquisition fund.[26]

The Broads provided the lead gift of $6 million to the Los Angeles Opera to bring Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen to Los Angeles for the 2009–10 season.[27] In June 2013, the Broads gave $7 million to continue funding the Eli and Edythe Broad general director at L.A. Opera, currently occupied by Plácido Domingo.

The Broads contributed $10 million in 2008 for a programming endowment for a state-of-the-art music and performing arts center at Santa Monica College, The Eli and Edythe Broad Stage, and an adjacent black box performance space, The Edye.

In total, the Broads have given roughly $1 billion to Los Angeles art institutions. Broad now calls Los Angeles a "cultural capital of the world".[28]

The Broad

Main article: The Broad
The Broad museum under construction, 2015

In August 2010, Eli Broad announced formally that he would build a contemporary art museum in Downtown Los Angeles.[29] Diller Scofidio + Renfro were chosen through an architectural competition to design the approximately 120,000-square-foot museum, which includes exhibition space, offices and a parking garage.[30]

In February 2015, a public preview of a special installation attracted some 3,500 visitors while the museum was still under construction.[31] The museum opened by Broad and his wife on Sunday, September 20, 2015.[32] To date, it has received more than 1.2 million visitors.[33]

Grand Avenue project

Broad founded the Grand Avenue Committee, which coordinates and oversees development of Grand Avenue in downtown Los Angeles. In 1996, Broad and Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan led the fundraising campaign to build the Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall, which opened in October 2003. Broad was instrumental in securing the $50 million deposit from the project developer that opened Grand Park in summer 2012.

The Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum at 547 East Circle Drive, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan USA

Higher education philanthropic work

Broad’s first civic board membership and significant investment in education was a $10 million commitment to Pitzer College in 1970. He was eventually named chairman of the board.

In 1991, Broad endowed the Eli Broad College of Business and the Eli Broad Graduate School of Management with $20 million for a full-time MBA program at his alma mater, Michigan State University.[34] The couple gave $5 million to endow the Eli and Edythe L. Broad Dean of Business.

In 2000, Broad gave $23.2 million for the Broad Art Center at UCLA, designed by Richard Meier.[35] Eli and Edythe Broad donated $28 million to Michigan State University for the construction of the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum, designed by Pritzker Architecture Prize-winning architect Zaha Hadid. The museum opened in November 2012.

Scientific and medical research

The Broads’ investments in scientific and medical research focus on three areas: human genomics, stem cell research and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

In 2001, the Broads created the Broad Medical Research Program to fund innovative research to advance the treatment of IBD.

In 2003, Eli and Edythe Broad gave the $100 million founding gift to create The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. The following year, they gave another $100 million, and in 2009, they gave another $400 million to create an endowment to make the institute permanent.[36] The Broads announced Nov. 14, 2013, they were giving an additional $100 million to the institute.[37] The Broad Institute is now the leading genomic medicine institute, employing 2,000 people with an annual research budget of $287 million.[38] To date, the Broads have given $800 million to the Institute.[39]

The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC is the product of a public-private partnership between voter-created California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, the Keck School of Medicine of USC and the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation, which donated $30 million in 2006.[40] In 2007, the Broads also donated $20 million to the UCLA Stem Cell Institute.[41] One year later, they gave a major gift to the University of California, San Francisco for the new headquarters of the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, which opened in February 2011. Broad is also a member of the California Institute of Technology Board of Trustees where he funded the Broad Center for the Biological Sciences. In 2009, the Broads gave $5 million to fund the Joint Center for Translational Medicine at Caltech and UCLA.

Gun control

In August 2013, Broad donated $250,000 to oppose the recalls of Colorado Senate President John Morse and Sen. Angela Giron, who were being recalled for their support of gun control measures, including a ban on magazines of 15 rounds or more.[42]

Art collection

Broad’s interest in art began in 1973 with his family’s first acquisition of a Van Gogh drawing, entitled "Cabanes a Saintes-Maries" (1888).[43] Art collector and MCA executive Taft Schreiber[44] became his mentor. The Broads' early acquisitions included notable works by Miró, Picasso and Matisse.[45] Eventually, the pair began to concentrate on post–World War II art.[46]

Eli and Edythe Broad established The Broad Art Foundation in 1984 with the goal of making their extensive contemporary art collection more accessible to the public; to date The Foundation has made more than 8,000 loans to more than 500 museums and university galleries worldwide.

The Broads have two collections—a personal collection with nearly 600 works and The Broad Art Foundation's collection, which has approximately 1,500 works Modern and contemporary art. In January 2008, the Broads decided that works in their personal collection would ultimately go to their foundation to make the artwork accessible to the public through the foundation’s loan program.

Some of the best-known works are by contemporary artists including:[47]

  • John Baldessari's two text paintings from 1967–68.
  • Jasper Johns – flag paintings (1960 and 1967), mixed-media "Watchman" (1964), "hatch" (1975)
  • Jeff Koons – fluorescent-lighted vacuum cleaners (1981), floating basketballs and bronze lifeboat (both 1985), stainless-steel bunny rabbit (1986), "Bubbles," a life-size porcelain portrait of Michael Jackson and his pet chimpanzee (1988) bought on May 15, 2001 for 5.6M,[48] the first "Balloon Dog" (1994, in blue), and a "Cracked Egg" purchased for $3.5 million in 2006. Broad owns more than 20 Koons pieces, and donated €640,000 ($900,000) to help sponsor a 2008 Koons retrospective at Versailles (with fellow Koons collector François Pinault).[49]
  • Roy Lichtenstein – three comic strip paintings (1962–65) and his 1969 abstraction of a mirror. In November 1994, Broad purchased "I...I'm Sorry" for $2.5 million USD at a Sotheby's auction, paid with his American Express credit card, and thereby earned 2.5 million frequent flyer miles.
  • Robert Rauschenberg – 1954 red abstraction.
  • Damien Hirst – Away From the Flock.[50]
  • Edward Ruscha's first word painting, "Boss" (1961) and his 1964 picture of Norm's La Cienega Boulevard restaurant on fire.
  • Cindy Sherman – twelve photographs from 1977–150 photographs. The Broads have the world’s largest collection of Sherman’s works.
  • David Smith – Cubi XXVIII, executed in 1965. Broad's October 2005 purchase at a Sotheby's auction set a contemporary art auction record of $23,816,000. Broad claimed he had "been looking for a Cubi for more than a decade...I knew it would go way over the estimate and I was prepared, frankly, to pay more than what I bid." [citation needed]
  • Andy Warhol's advertising image, "Where's your rupture?", two Marilyn Monroe images, a twenty-fold silkscreen of Jackie Kennedy, an Elvis, a dance diagram, a wanted poster, an electric chair and a torn Campbell's soup can—pepper pot (purchased for $11.8 million) – all from 1961 to 1967.

Honors and awards

From 2004 to 2009, Broad served as a regent of the Smithsonian Institution by appointment of the U.S. Congress and the president.[51] He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 1994 was named Chevalier in the National Order of the Legion of Honor by the Republic of France.[52] Broad serves on the board of the Future Generation Art Prize.[53] He received the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy in 2007[54] and the David Rockefeller Award from the Museum of Modern Art in March 2009.[55] In October 2013, the Broads were awarded the William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership by Philanthropy Roundtable.[56]

Controversy

In 2013, Eli Broad was named by the California attorney general as a contributor to Americans for Job Security, a Virginia trade association. The money sent to Americans for Job Security was intended for "issue advocacy," meaning advertising that doesn't expressly urge Californians to vote one way or another. However, Americans for Job Security sent some of their donations to a Phoenix group, Americans for Responsible Leadership, which provided it to a small business action committee that opposed Proposition 30.[57] It is unclear whether Eli Broad was aware that his 2013 donation would be used in this way, since he had stated in 2012 that he supported higher taxes on the wealthy.[58]

In 2015, the Los Angeles Times obtained a secret 44-page proposal [59] drafted by the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation and other charter advocates (including several other billionaires) that was designed to charterize 50% of LA public schools. According to one unnamed critic at portside.org, such an outcome would "do away with democratically controlled, publicly accountable education in LA." [60]

Bibliography

  • The Art of Being Unreasonable: Lessons in Unconventional Thinking (ISBN 978-1118173213).[3][9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "The World's Billionaires - Eli Broad". Forbes. Forbes. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  2. ^ "Eli Broad's Pursuit of "Unreasonable" Philanthropy". givesmart.org.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Broad, Eli (2012-05-08). The Art of Being Unreasonable. wiley. ISBN 978-1118173213.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Los Angeles Magazine: "A Little Thing Called Power - He has more pull than the mayor, more art than the Getty, and more money than God. Does El Broad own LA?" by Ed Leibowitz June 2003
  5. ^ a b Bruck, Connie, "The Art of the Billionaire", The New Yorker, December 10, 2010
  6. ^ a b "KB Home (KBH)". Reuters.
  7. ^ "About Us | The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation". The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  8. ^ https://www.sunamerica.com/TridionData.do?Page_ID=67997
  9. ^ a b Boehm, Mike (2014-05-04). "Eli Broad offers life lessons in". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  10. ^ "Eli and Edythe Broad". The Broad. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  11. ^ "Eli L. BROAD". Wealth. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  12. ^ Eli and Edythe Broad. The Broad Foundations. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
  13. ^ "Gerun Riley Named President of The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation | The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation". The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation. 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  14. ^ Campbell, Dakin (2010-06-17). "Broad, Bloomberg Back Buffett Call for Billionaire Donations". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  15. ^ "A Plea for Greater Giving". The Chronicle of Philanthropy.
  16. ^ "Billionaire LA philanthropist Eli Broad retires at 84". AP. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  17. ^ "Mission and Overview". broadeducation.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Education | The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation". The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  19. ^ "Home Page - The Broad Prize for Urban Education". broadprize.org.
  20. ^ "Press Releases". broadprize.org.
  21. ^ "The Broad Center". broadcenter.org.
  22. ^ "Academy - The Broad Center: Academy". broadcenter.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2013-08-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Residency - The Broad Center: Residency". broadcenter.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-18. Retrieved 2013-08-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Peter Aspden, Putting LA at the heart of world culture Financial Times, November 6, 2009. Accessed February 1, 2011.
  25. ^ Wyatt, Edward (November 23, 2008). "Billionaire Offers Arts Bailout in Los Angeles". The New York Times.
  26. ^ Boehm, Mike (March 6, 2007). "BP gives $25 million to LACMA: The BP donation will go toward a solar entrance that the British oil firm hopes will invoke energy innovation" (– Scholar search). Los Angeles Times. {{cite news}}: External link in |format= (help)[dead link]
  27. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (February 8, 2010). "Iron Checkbook Shapes Cultural Los Angeles". The New York Times.
  28. ^ Wolfe, Alexandra. "Eli Broad's Entrepreneurial Approach to Philanthropy". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  29. ^ David Ng and Jori Finkel (August 24, 2010), Eli Broad says Grand Avenue will be site of new contemporary art museum Los Angeles Times.
  30. ^ David Ng and Jori Finkel (August 23, 2010), It's official: Eli Broad will build his art museum downtown; Diller Scofidio + Renfro will design Los Angeles Times.
  31. ^ Kelly Crow (May 26, 2015), Eli and Edythe Broad Build a Museum for Their Art Collection WSJ..
  32. ^ Philip Kennicott (September 19, 2015). "The problem with The Broad is the collection itself". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  33. ^ "The Broad". thebroad.org. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  34. ^ "History of the Broad College". Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  35. ^ "Website of Richard Meier". Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  36. ^ Strom, Stephanie (September 5, 2008). "$400 Million Gift to Genetic Institute". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  37. ^ "Broad Institute launches next decade with new $100M gift". The Broad Institute. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  38. ^ "How Eli Broad gives his billions away". CBS News. 2011-04-24. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  39. ^ "On 10th Anniversary of Three Broad-Funded California Stem Cell Research Centers, Broad Foundation Announces $1 Million to Fund Innovative Pilot Research at UCLA, UCSF, USC | The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation". The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation. 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  40. ^ Lewit, Meghan. "USC breaks ground on cutting-edge stem cell center". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2011-04-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "UCLA Stem Cell Institute website". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
  42. ^ Stokols, Eli (2013-08-27). "Bloomberg gives $350K to Morse, Giron recall defense". KDVR Denver. Billionaire Eli Broad also wrote a $250,000 check to the organization, which raised a total of $708,000 in contributions between April and Aug. 22.
  43. ^ "Eli Broad". Flash Art. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2011-04-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ Knight, Christopher (January 16, 2011). "Eli Broad, today's Norton Simon". Los Angeles Times.
  45. ^ Aspden, Peter (November 6, 2009). "Putting LA at the heart of world culture". Financial Times. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  46. ^ Palmeri, Christopher (October 29, 2001). "Art Collecting, Eli Broad Style". Businessweek. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ Knight, Christopher (January 10, 2008). "Will LACMA's reputation suffer from Broad's change of heart?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original (– Scholar search) on January 17, 2008. {{cite news}}: External link in |format= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ "Sotheby's – Auctions – Calendar – Contemporary Art Part One". Sothebys.com. Retrieved 2011-04-25.[dead link]
  49. ^ Covington, Richard (November 2008). "Where Michael Jackson Meets Louis XIV: How the Jeff Koons exhibition at Versailles led to a national controversy in France". ArtNews. ARTNews, Nov. 2008, p. 104: "One of the main sponsors helping to defray that cost was Pinault, who, officials say, contributed about €960,000 toward the exhibition's €1.9 million ($2.6 million) total cost. (Other private sponsors, including Los Angeles property developers Eli and Edythe Broad, who count more than 20 Koons pieces in their collection, contributed €640,000 [$900,000], and the state chipped in €300,000 [$400,000], according to Versailles officials.)"
  50. ^ LACMA Press release, accessed, December 12, 2010 Archived December 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ "Providing For Appointment Of Eli Broad As Citizen Regent Of Board Of Regents Of Smithsonian Institution". Capitol Words. Archived from the original on 2013-09-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "Broad Impact: An Interview with Eli Broad, Founder, The Broad Foundations". Leaders. 35 (2): 36. 2012.
  53. ^ "Second edition of the Victor Pinchuk Foundation's $100,000 Future Generation Art Prize is announced". Future Generation Art Prize. February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ Super User. "Carnegie Medals". carnegiemedals.org. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  55. ^ "MoMA David Rockefeller Award Luncheon, New York - People & Parties With Panache". panacheprivee.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ "Winners of the 2013 William E. Simon Prize". philanthropyroundtable.org.
  57. ^ Megerian, Chris (October 25, 2013). "California fines groups $16 million for funneling money to campaigns". Los Angeles Times.
  58. ^ "L.A. Now". Los Angeles Times. January 18, 2012.
  59. ^ "The Great Public Schools Now Initiative". Los Angeles Times. September 21, 2015.
  60. ^ "Billionaire's Secret Plan: A 'Hostile Takeover' of LA Public Schools". Portside. September 23, 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eli_Broad&oldid=859912553"