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Enbridge Line 5
Straits of Mackinac
Straits of Mackinac
Location
CountryUnited States, Canada
StateWisconsin, Michigan
ProvinceOntario
FromSuperior, Wisconsin
ToSarnia, Ontario
General information
Typeoil
OwnerEnbridge
Commissioned1953
Technical information
Length1,098 mi (1,767 km)
Diameter30 in (762 mm)

Enbridge Line 5 is a major oil pipeline in the Enbridge Lakehead System, which conveys petroleum from western Canada to eastern Canada via the Great Lakes states. Line 5 is particularly notable for passing under the environmentally sensitive Straits of Mackinac, which connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron. As of December 2013,[1] the line carries 540,000 barrels (86,000 m3) of oil per day. It carries synthetic crude, natural gas liquids, sweet crude, and light sour crude.[2]

Route

The pipeline runs between two major nodes of the Enbridge Pipeline System at Superior, Wisconsin, and Sarnia, Ontario. The Enbridge terminal at Superior conveys western Canadian crude oil from various incoming pipelines (including lines 1–4) to Line 5 and Line 6, which go around the northern and southern shores of Lake Michigan respectively.

From Superior, Line 5 travels east to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, then runs southeast to Rapid River, near Escanaba.[3] At Rapid River, natural gas liquids (NGL) are side stream delivered for stripping, and the stripped NGLs are reinjected.[4]

From Rapid River, the pipeline runs near the northern shore of Lake Michigan until it reaches the Straits of Mackinac. There the pipeline divides into two separate 20-inch (51 cm) lines, which reunite when they reach McGulpin Point on the southern side of the straits.[4] The lines are buried until they reach a depth of 65 feet (20 m).[5] The lines descend to a depth of approximately 270 feet (82 m) under the straits.[6]

Once on land again in the Lower Peninsula, Line 5 runs near Interstate 75 to Bay City.[7] At the Lewiston pumping station, US sweet crude may be injected.[4] From Lewiston, Line 5 loops around Saginaw Bay, then runs southeast to the St. Clair River.[3]

Just before the St. Clair River, Line 5 reaches the Marysville pumping station. Volumes destined for Michigan and Ohio refineries such as BP Husky and Marathon Detroit are offloaded there,[4] and transferred to a Sunoco pipeline that runs from Marysville to Toledo.[8][9]

The line then proceeds east across the St. Clair River to Ontario, where it rejoins Enbridge Line 6 and terminates at Sarnia.[2] Any volumes not destined for Sarnia-area refineries are there pumped into tanks for transfer to Enbridge Line 7.[4]

History

Construction on Line 5 was completed in 1953.[6] The pipelines from western Canada to Superior had been completed in 1950; prior to the construction of Line 5, the crude oil was conveyed from Superior to southern Ontario by oil tankers.[10]

In 2013, the line's capacity was increased by 50,000 barrels (7,900 m3) per day, from 490,000 to 540,000 barrels (78,000 to 86,000 m3).[11] The upgrade involved US$100 million in improvements to pumping stations, but no change to the actual pipes.[7]

In 2018, a tugboat anchor hit the pipeline and caused minor damage to the pipe.[12]

Also in 2018, Enbridge and the State of Michigan agreed to build a tunnel beneath the Straits of Mackinac that will contain the pipeline.[13]

Controversies

The 2013 expansion, coupled with the anticipated expansion of the Alberta Clipper pipeline, led to concerns from the National Wildlife Federation and other groups over the possible shipment of diluted bitumen from the Alberta tar sands through Line 5.[14] However, Enbridge has denied any plans to pump such materials. Line 5 ships nearly 23 million gallons of crude oil and petroleum products every day.[15] A 2011 toll agreement describes the materials as "condensate, light synthetic, sweet, light sour and NGL,"[4] as does a 2013 summary of the Mainline System.[2] Due to national security concerns, however, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration does not divulge the materials actually carried on major US pipelines, including Line 5.[14]

Public concerns have particularly focused on the risk of a spill under the Straits of Mackinac, and the difficulty of controlling any spill that might occur.[6][11] According to Enbridge, the pipes under the straits have never leaked, are monitored 24 hours a day, and are regularly inspected by underwater autonomous vehicles.[5][6] However, there have been numerous spills elsewhere in Michigan from Enbridge pipelines, including a major Line 5 spill at Crystal Falls in 1999, as well as the 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill on Line 6.[6][14]

In 2014, it was found that Enbridge was not complying with the spacing requirement for supporting anchors for the pipeline; anchors should be placed at least every 75 feet.[16] In a statement, Michigan Attorney General, Bill Schuette, requested Enbridge to comply with the anchor support regulations, "We will insist that Enbridge fully comply with the conditions of the Straits Pipeline Easement to protect our precious environmental and economic resources and limit the risk of disaster threatening our waters." [16]

By the end of 2015, eight Michigan counties or municipalities were calling for the retirement of Line 5 including Cheboygan, Cheboygan County, Emmet County, Genesee County, Mackinaw City, Mentor Township, Munising Township, and Wayne County.[17]

According to a study published by the University of Michigan, in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a leak in Enbridge 5 near the Straits of Mackinac could affect roughly 700 miles of shoreline.[18] Key areas recognized for the highest potential risk include Mackinac Island, Bois Blanc Island, Mackinaw City, and areas on the northern shore and southern shore of the Straits. The study found that 3,528 square miles (15%) of Lake Michigan's open water and roughly 13,611 square miles (60%) of Lake Huron's open water could be impacted by visible oil.[18][19] In addition, highly turbulent flowing currents found within the Straits of Mackinac, combined with the degrading enzymes secreted by zebra mussels, and aging pipe welds and coal tar enamel, increases the risk for corrosion and potential fissures to occur in the pipes.[20][21][18] Due to these issues, expert reports concluded that Line 5 should be shut down in the Straits pending a full review under state public trust law.[22] Although the U of M study showcased worst case scenarios, experts recommend completing a risk analysis that includes, "1) analysis of environmental impacts, 2) cleanup costs, 3) restoration and remediation measures, 4) a natural resource damage assessment, and 5) Economic damage to public and private sector interests."[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "2013 ENB Investment Community Booklet" (PDF). Enbridge. 2013. p. 25.
  2. ^ a b c "Pipeline System Configuration: Quarter 1, 2013". Enbridge. 2013. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Enbridge Liquid Pipeline Map (PDF) (Map). Enbridge. 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (July 1, 2011). "Competitive Toll Settlement" (PDF). p. 89. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  5. ^ a b "Line 5 Underwater Images". Enbridge. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e Flesher, John (March 3, 2014). "Submerged Enbridge Pipeline Under Michigan's Straits of Mackinac Raises Spill Fears". The Huffington Post. Associated Press.
  7. ^ a b Sherburne, Morgan (July 12, 2013). "Enbridge to Increase Oil Flow under Straits, Rally Planned". Petoskey News. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  8. ^ "Crude Oil Pipeline System". Sunoco. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  9. ^ Proposed Line 79 Pipeline Project (PDF) (Map). Enbridge. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  10. ^ Simonson, Mike (January 25, 2013). "Bakken Boom Has Calumet Considering Building Oil Loading Dock in Superior". BusinessNorth. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b "Senators Stabenow and Levin Urge Transportation Department to Verify Safety of Enbridge Pipeline in Great Lakes" (Press release). Office of Debbie Stabenow. December 11, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  12. ^ "Enbridge: Damaged oil pipeline was dented less than 1 inch". The Associated Press. May 14, 2018.
  13. ^ Kransz, Michael (October 3, 2018). "Enbridge will pay for Line 5 tunnel in Straits of Mackinac, state says". MLive. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  14. ^ a b c Leahy, Derek (March 6, 2014). "Concerns Mount About 61-Year Old Enbridge Pipeline in the Great Lakes". Desmog Canada. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  15. ^ Ellison, Garret (October 22, 2014). "Environmental concerns trip up Enbridge oil pipeline project in Ontario". MLive.
  16. ^ a b Klug, Fritz (July 24, 2014). "Enbridge pipeline in Straits of Mackinac needs more supports, Attorney General says". MLive. Retrieved November 8, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  17. ^ Oil & Water Don't Mix (2015) "Local governments are issuing resolutions calling for the shutdown of the flow of oil in Line 5 at the Straits of Mackinac"
  18. ^ a b c d Schwab, David (March 2016). "Statistical Analysis of Straits of Mackinac Line 5 Worst Case Spill Scenarios" (PDF). Graham Sustainability Institute at University of Michigan.
  19. ^ Erickson, Jim (March 31, 2016). "More than 700 miles of Great Lakes shoreline potentially vulnerable to Straits of Mackinac oil spills". University of Michigan News. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  20. ^ "Status and Strategy for Zebra and Quagga Mussel Management". Michigan.gov. Retrieved November 8, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  21. ^ Lachman, Samantha (May 22, 2016). "This Aging Oil Pipeline Is In Great Lakes' 'Worst Possible Place' For A Spill". Huffpost. Retrieved November 8, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  22. ^ "Experts Recommend Shutting Down Mackinac Straits Oil Lines". Graham Sustainability Institute News (published December 4, 2015). January 6, 2016. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
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