Euphorbia helioscopia
Euphorbia helioscopia | |
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Flowers and immature fruit | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Malpighiales |
Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
Genus: | Euphorbia |
Species: | E. helioscopia
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Binomial name | |
Euphorbia helioscopia |
Euphorbia helioscopia, the sun spurge, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae. It is a herbaceous annual plant, native to most of Europe, northern Africa, and eastward through most of Asia.[1][2][3]
Other old folk names include wart spurge, umbrella milkweed and "madwoman's milk".[4]
Description
It is an annual plant growing in arable land and disturbed ground. It grows to 10–50 cm tall, with a single, erect, hairless stem, branching toward the top. The leaves are oval, broadest near the tip, 1.5–3 cm long, with a finely toothed margin. The flowers are small, yellow-green, with two to five basal bracts similar to the leaves but yellower; flowering lasts from mid spring to late summer.[3][4]
Uses
It is highly poisonous. Active ingredients are extracted from it for use in pharmaceutical industry. It is also a plant used in Chinese traditional medicine.[5] Its extract has been found to be an inhibitor in vivo of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice[6] and in vitro in humans.[7]
Chemistry
Euphorbia helioscopia contains the jatrophone-type diterpenoids euphoheliosnoid A, B, C[8] and D[5] and other toxic diterpenes such as euphoscopins, epieuphoscopins euphornins, cuphohelioscopins and euphohelionone.[9]
Four esters of 12-deoxyphorbol (12-Deoxyphorbol-13-phenylacetale-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol-13-dodec-dienoate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol-13-[2-methyl-cis-2-butenoate].-20-acetate and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-[2-methyl-cis-2-butenoate]) can be isolated from the fresh aerial parts. These substances are the major skin irritants found in the plant.[10]
m-Hydroxyphenylglycine and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine are two amino acids that can be isolated from the latex of E. helioscopia.[11]
Hydrolysable tannins can be found in E. helioscopia. Helioscopinin A (1,6-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-2,4-(S)-dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoyl-3-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose), helioscopinin B (1,6-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-3-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose), helioscopin A (1,6-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-2,4-(R)-elaeocarpusinoyl-3-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose) and helioscopin B (1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-2,4-(R)-elaeocarpusinoyl-β-D-glucose) can be found together with the 8 other tannins corilagin, punicafolin, geraniin, elaeocarpusin, furosin, terchebin, mallotusinin and carpinusin.[12] Helioscopinin-A shows anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic activities in guinea pigs. It is suggested that this compound exerts its activities through antagonism on leukotriene D4-induced responses.[13]
References
- ^ "Euphorbia helioscopia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ Flora Europaea: Euphorbia helioscopia
- ^ a b Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
- ^ a b Malta Wild Plants Euphorbia helioscopia
- ^ a b Zhang, Wen; Guo, Yue-Wei (2006). "Chemical Studies on the Constituents of the Chinese Medicinal Herb Euphorbia helioscopia L". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 54 (7): 1037. doi:10.1248/cpb.54.1037.
- ^ "Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth Is Inhibited by Euphorbia helioscopia L. Extract in Nude Mice Xenografts". Biomed Res Int. 2015: 1. 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/601015.
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts of Medicinal Plants of Euphorbiacae Family Studied on Seven Human Cancer Cell lines" (PDF). Universal Journal of Plant Science. 1 (4): 113–117. 2013.
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ignored (help) - ^ Zhang, Wen; Guo, Yue-Wei (2005). "Three New Jatrophone-Type Diterpenoids fromEuphorbia helioscopia". Planta Medica. 71 (3): 283–6. doi:10.1055/s-2005-837832. PMID 15770554.
- ^ Yamamura, Shosuke; Shizuri, Yoshikazu; Kosemura, Seiji; Ohtsuka, Jiro; Tayama, Takao; Ohba, Shigeru; Ito, Masatoki; Saito, Yoshihiko; Terada, Yukimasa (1989). "Diterpenes from Euphorbia helioscopia". Phytochemistry. 28 (12): 3421. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(89)80360-7.
- ^ Schmidt, Richard J.; Evans, Fred J. (1980). "Skin irritants of the sun spurge (Euphorbia helioscopia L)". Contact Dermatitis. 6 (3): 204–10. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb05599.x. PMID 7389328.
- ^ Müller, P; Schütte, HR (1968). "M-Hydroxyphenylglycine and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine, 2 new amino acids from the latex of Euphorbia helioscopia L". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (in German). 23 (5): 659–63. PMID 4385921.
- ^ Lee, Seung-Ho; Tanaka, Takashi; Nonaka, Gen-Ichiro; Nishioka, Itsuo (1990). "Tannins and related compounds. XCV. Isolation and characterization of helioscopinins and helioscopins, four new hydrolyzable tannins from Euphorbia helioscopia L. (1)". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 38 (6): 1518. doi:10.1248/cpb.38.1518.
- ^ Park Kwan Ha; Koh Dongsoo; Lee Seungho; Jung Illmin; Kyung Hyun Kim; Lee Chul-Hoon; Kim Kye-Hoon; Lim Yoongho (2001). "Anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic activity of helioscopinin-A, a polyphenol compound, isolated from Euphorbia helioscopia". Journal of microbiology and biotechnology. 11 (1): 138–142. INIST 995613.
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