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Expulsion of Asians from Uganda

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Expelled Asians in the Netherlands after leaving Uganda, 1972
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In early August 1972, the President of Uganda, Idi Amin, ordered the expulsion of his country's Asian minority, giving them 90 days to leave the country.[1] At the time of the expulsion, there were about 80,000 individuals of Indian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted.[2][3] The expulsion took place against the backdrop of Anti-Indian sentiment in Uganda, with Amin accusing a minority of the Asians of disloyalty, nonintegration, and commercial malpractice, claims that Indian leaders disputed.[2] Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was "giving Uganda back to ethnic Ugandans".[3]

Many of those who were expelled were citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies and 27,200 emigrated to the United Kingdom. Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to Canada, 4,500 refugees ended up in India and 2,500 went to nearby Kenya or Pakistan.[3] In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were reallocated, along with cars, homes and other household goods.[3]

Background

The presence of South Asians in Uganda was the result of deliberate choices by the British administration (1894–1962).[4] They were brought to the Uganda Protectorate by the British to "serve as a buffer between Europeans and Africans in the middle rungs of commerce and administration".[3] In addition, in the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British India were brought to Southeast Africa under indentured labour contracts to work on the construction of the Uganda Railway.[5] Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 individuals decided to remain in the African Great Lakes after the line's completion.[6] At the time of the expulsion, there were approximately 80,000 individuals of South Asian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted.[2] A further 50,000 were British passport holders,[1] though Amin himself used the apparently exaggerated figure of 80,000 British passport holders in his initial expulsion speech.[2]

The British had invested in the education of the Asian minority, in preference to that of indigenous Ugandans.[4] By the early 1970s, many Indians in Southeast Africa and Uganda were employed in the sartorial and banking businesses[6] and Indophobia was already engrained by the start of Amin's rule in February 1971.[2] While not all Ugandan Asians were well off, they were on average better off than the indigenous communities,[2] constituting 1% of the population while earning a fifth of the national income.[7] Indians were stereotyped as "merely traders" and labelled as "dukawallas" (an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time[6]), who tried to cheat unsuspecting purchasers and looked out only for their own families.[8] Racial segregation was institutionalised.[8] Gated ethnic communities served elite healthcare and schooling services. Additionally, the tariff system in Uganda had historically been oriented toward the economic interests of South Asian traders.[9]

Milton Obote's government had pursued a policy of "Africanisation" which included policies targeted at Ugandan Asians. The 1968 Committee on the "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry", for example, had made far-reaching Indophobic proposals and a system of work permits and trade licenses was introduced in 1969 to restrict the role of non-citizen Indians in economic and professional activities. Nevertheless, Amin's policies represented a significant acceleration.[8] In August 1971, Amin announced a review of the citizenship status awarded to Uganda's Asian community, followed by the declaration of a census of Uganda's Asian population in October that year.[3][2] In order to resolve the "misunderstandings" regarding the role of Uganda's Asian minority in society, he then convened an Indian 'conference' for 7–8 December. In a memorandum presented on the second day of the conference, he set out his hope that "the wide gap" between Ugandan Asians and Africans would narrow.[2] While paying tribute to Indians' contribution to the economy and the professions, he accused a minority of the Asian population of disloyalty, non-integration and commercial malpractice, claims Indian leaders disputed.[2] On the vexed question of citizenship, he said his government would recognise citizenship rights already granted, but all outstanding applications for citizenship (which by this point were thought to number more than 12,000) would be cancelled.[2]

This expulsion of an ethnic minority was not the first in Uganda's history as the country's Kenyan minority, numbering approximately 30,000, had been expelled in 1969–70.[3][10]

The expulsion

Idi Amin, pictured shortly after the expulsion

On 4 August 1972, Amin declared that Britain would need to take on the responsibility of caring for British subjects who were of Asian origin,[3] accusing them of "sabotaging Uganda's economy and encouraging corruption".[2] The deadline for British subjects to leave was confirmed as three months, which came to mean 8 November. On 9 August, the policy was expanded to include citizens of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.[3] The position of the 23,000 Asians who had been granted Ugandan citizenship (and in particular those who held no other citizenship) was less clear. Not originally included, on 19 August, they were seemingly added to the list, before being re-exempted three days later following international protest. Many chose to leave rather than endure further intimidation, with only 4,000 known to have stayed.[3] Exemptions for certain professions were added, then later removed.[3][2]

The precise motivation for the expulsion remains unclear. Some of his former supporters suggest that it followed a dream in which, he claimed, Allah had told him to expel them, as well as plot vengeance against the British government for refusing to provide him with arms to invade Tanzania.[11] Although it is not confirmed, there was a rumour circulating around the Ugandan Asians that Amin fell in love with a married Indian woman. Her family sent her away to India to get away from him and this made Amin so angry that he wanted to expel every Indian from the country in retaliation. Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was giving Uganda back to the ethnic Ugandans:

We are determined to make the ordinary Ugandan master of his own destiny, and above all to see that he enjoys the wealth of his country. Our deliberate policy is to transfer the economic control of Uganda into the hands of Ugandans, for the first time in our country's history.

— Idi Amin, quoted in Uganda: a modern history.[3]

The expulsion and redistribution of property were officially termed "Operation Mafuta Mingi".[12] Ugandan soldiers during this period engaged in theft and physical and sexual violence against the Asians with impunity.[13] Restrictions were imposed on the sale or transfer of private businesses by Ugandan Asians and on 16 August Amin made it clear that after he was done with Indian-owned business, European-owned businesses would be next.[2]

Impact

The Asians only milked the cow, but they did not feed it to yield more milk.
There are now Black faces in every shop and industry. All the big cars in Uganda are now driven by Africans, and not the former bloodsuckers. The rest of Africa can learn from us.

—President Idi Amin[14]

Amin's decrees drew immediate worldwide condemnation, including from India. The Indian government warned Uganda of dire consequences, but took no action when Amin's government ignored the ultimatum.[15] Initially, India maintained diplomatic ties with Uganda [16] but later severed diplomatic relations with Amin's regime.[17] The United Kingdom froze a £10.4 million loan which had been arranged the previous year; Amin simply ignored this.[2] Journalists Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey described the expulsion as "the most explicitly racist policy ever adopted in black Africa."[18]

Many of the Indians were citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies and 27,200 refugees subsequently emigrated to the United Kingdom. Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to Canada, 4,500 ended up in India and 2,500 went to nearby Kenya. Malawi, Pakistan, West Germany and the United States took 1,000 refugees each, with smaller numbers emigrating to Australia, Austria, Sweden, Norway, Mauritius and New Zealand. About 20,000 refugees were unaccounted for.[3][19] Only a few hundred remained behind.[2]

Reluctant to expand its newly introduced immigration quota, the British government had sought agreement from some of its remaining overseas territories (including Bermuda, the Virgin Islands, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Seychelles and the Solomon Islands) to resettle them; however, only the Falkland Islands responded positively.[20] Kenya and Tanzania similarly closed their borders with Uganda to prevent an influx of refugees.[2]

Some of those expelled were Nizari Ismaili Muslims. The Aga Khan IV, the Imam of Nizari Ismailis phoned his long-time friend Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Trudeau's government agreed to allow thousands of Nizari Ismailis to emigrate to Canada.[21] The exodus of Ugandan Asians took on a new level of urgency in the September following a telegram from Amin to the UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim, in which it appeared that Amin was sympathetic to Hitler's treatment of Jews and an airlift was organised.[2] The UN dispatched the Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa, Robert K. A. Gardiner, who attempted in vain to convince Amin to reverse his decision.[22]

Before the expulsion, Asians owned many large businesses in Uganda but the purge of Asians from Uganda's economy was virtually total.[3] A military committee was made responsible for the reallocation of the confiscated property, though Amin also personally redirected some material.[18] In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were reallocated, along with cars, homes and other household goods.[3] For political reasons, most (5,443) were reallocated to individuals, with 176 going to government bodies, 33 being reallocated to semi-state organisations and 2 going to charities. Possibly the biggest winner was the state-owned Uganda Development Corporation, which gained control over some of the largest enterprises, though both the rapid nature of the growth and the sudden lack of experienced technicians and managers proved a challenge for the corporation, resulting in a restructuring of the sector in 1974–5.[3] Though some of the property fell into the hands of Uganda's traditional businessmen, most of the direct beneficiaries were soldiers and government officials. While the expulsion was initially popular in Uganda, mismanagement of the resources resulted in economic difficulties. By the time Amin's regime collapsed in 1979, it was rumoured that there were no more than 50 Asians in Uganda.[18]

Return

Thousands of Indians returned to Uganda starting in 1986 when Yoweri Museveni assumed power. Museveni criticized Amin's policies and invited the Indians to return.[23][7] According to Museveni, "Gujaratis have played a lead role in Uganda's social and industrial development. I knew that this community can do wonders for my country and they have been doing it for last many decades." The Indians resurfacing in Uganda have helped rebuild the economy of Uganda, and are financially well settled.[7][24]

  • 1976: Bollywood movie Charas has a pilot plot about the expulsion of Indians from Uganda.
  • 1981: Sharad Patel's film Rise and Fall of Idi Amin portrays the actual events leading to the expulsion of Ugandan Asians to other countries.
  • 1991: Mira Nair's film Mississippi Masala portrays the story of an Indian family which flees Uganda during the turmoil and settles in Mississippi.
  • 1998: The expulsion was portrayed in the novel The Last King of Scotland and the subsequent 2006 film of the book.
  • 2001: The Feast of the Nine Virgins, published by Bogle L'Ouverture, London was a satirical novel about the Uganda Expulsion by a former expellee, Jameela Siddiqi
  • 2006: Bombay Gardens, a second novel by Jameela Siddiqi focusing on the Uganda Expulsion
  • 2006: The aftermath of the exile provides the backdrop for episode 2.6 of Life on Mars.
  • 2008: It is the main focus of the young adult novel Child of Dandelions by Shenaaz Nanji, which was a finalist for Canada's Governor General's Award.
  • 2012: The memoir Shattered Lives: Sitting on Fire by Azim P H Somani, which was the main feature of the ITV Documentary marking the 40th anniversary.
  • 2020: The short documentary 90 Days To Leave portrays the history of the Asians in Uganda, the expulsion and the hardships they faced in the aftermath.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda". British Broadcasting Corporation. 7 August 1972. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Patel 1972, pp. 12–19.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Jørgensen 1981, pp. 285–290.
  4. ^ a b Henckaerts & Sohn 1995, pp. 22–24.
  5. ^ Jørgensen 1981, p. 43.
  6. ^ a b c Jamal, Vali (November 1976). "Asians in Uganda, 1880–1972: Inequality and Expulsion". The Economic History Review. 29 (4): 602–616. doi:10.2307/2595346. ISSN 0013-0117. JSTOR 2595346. OCLC 716168303.
  7. ^ a b c Vashi, Ashish; Jain, Ankur (October 22, 2008). "Gujaratis survived Idi Amin, fuelled East Africa's economy". The Times of India.
  8. ^ a b c Patel 1972, pp. 19–21.
  9. ^ Jamal 1976.
  10. ^ Mutibwa 1992, p. 67.
  11. ^ "Idi Amin had targeted Indians in 70s". The Times of India. 15 April 2007. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012.
  12. ^ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 182.
  13. ^ "When Idi Amin expelled 50,000 'Asians' from Uganda". Adam Smith Institute. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  14. ^ Seftel 2010, p. 155.
  15. ^ "Idia Amin Biography". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  16. ^ Yadav, S.N. (2008). India-Uganda Relations: A New Model for South-south Cooperation. New Delhi: Global Vision Pub House. p. 201. ISBN 978-8182202962.
  17. ^ Subramanian, Archana (6 August 2015). "Asian expulsion". The Hindu.
  18. ^ a b c Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 5.
  19. ^ Kasozi, Musisi & Sejjengo 1994.
  20. ^ Travis, Alan (1 January 2003). "Ministers hunted for island to house Asians". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  21. ^ Geddes 2010.
  22. ^ Sherwood 2014, p. 43.
  23. ^ Dawood, Farhana (2016-05-15). "Ugandan Asians dominate economy after exile". Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  24. ^ A. Didar Singh; S. Irudaya Rajan (6 November 2015). Politics of Migration: Indian Emigration in a Globalized World. Taylor & Francis. pp. 180–. ISBN 978-1-317-41223-6.

Bibliography

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