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Facultad de Derecho Eugenio Maria de Hostos

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Coordinates: 18°11′59.18″N 67°08′22.16″W / 18.1997722°N 67.1394889°W / 18.1997722; -67.1394889
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Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law
Facultad de Derecho Eugenio María de Hostos
Other name
Hostos Law School
FDEMDH
MottoUna institución de Compromiso Social
(English: "An institution of Social Commitment")
Named AfterEugenio María de Hostos
FoundersFernando Bayrón Toro
Juan Mari Brás
Carlos Rivera Lugo
TypePrivate
Active1995–2013; 11 years ago (2013)
Parent institution
Fundación Facultad de Derecho Eugenio María de Hostos
(English: "Eugenio María de Hostos Law School Foundation")
DeanCarlos Rodríguez Sierra (2004-2014)
Roberto Vélez Colón (2004)
Carlos Rivera Lugo (1993-2003)
Academic staff
21
Students148
Address
57 South Peral Street – Corner Muñoz Rivera St. PO Box 1900
,
Mayagüez
,
Puerto Rico
,
00681-1900
CampusUrban
LanguageSpanish
AnthemYou may listen to the Hostos Hymn on YouTube
Colours
  Turquoise and brown
WebsiteOfficial Website (Defunct)

The Facultad de Derecho Eugenio Maria de Hostos (English: Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law) was a law school located in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. The School was founded by Fernando Bayrón, Juan Mari Brás and Carlos Rivera Lugo in 1995.[1] The institution lost its ABA accreditation, and then the Puerto Rico Supreme Court also withdrew the accreditation due to school's economical difficulties.[2] After having granted degrees to 900 alumni, Hostos closed in 2013, when the last commencement ceremony had only eight graduates, out of ten students in their final semester.[3] The Eugenio Maria de Hostos Law School aspired to achieve the development of legal professionals who were also responsive to the needs of their communities and who would embrace the Hostos educational philosophy.[1]

History

[edit]

Accreditation

[edit]

On 28 October 1996, the parent institution of the school, the Eugenio María de Hostos Law School Foundation, requested an accreditation extension from the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. A committee for such a purpose was named by the Court on 20 December. The committee submitted its final report which did not recommend accreditation, on 11 July of the following year. Two observations made by the committee were that the institution lacked the financial means to operate and the academic profiles of its students were subpar compared to other law schools in Puerto Rico.[4]

The American Bar Association (ABA) denied the school's request for a provisional accreditation on 15 July 1997. This was detrimental, since Puerto Rican law requires that to be accepted into the Bar, all persons must have graduated from an ABA-accredited institution. As such, on 13 August, the Supreme Court released a resolution refusing entry into the bar to the first cohorts of graduates. However, the Supreme Court also resolved that these graduates were able to take the bar examination in September 1997, to obtain data from the test results. Only 36% of the class passed the examination, compared to 79% of the University of Puerto Rico School of Law, 63% from the Interamerican University, and 61% of the Pontificial Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law graduates on their first attempt.[5]

Consequentially, the Supreme Court released a second resolution indicating concern that Hostos Law School lacked "budgetary soundness", had difficulties in recluting students who were able to pass the bar examination post-graduation, as well as not having obtained the provisional accreditation from ABA.[5] The Supreme Court, on a 4–2 vote on the resolution, gave a second opportunity to Hostos, having been persuaded by a promise from the institution that there would be "significant improvement" on the bar examination results between 1998 and 1999 "if [the Supreme Court] gave said graduates the opportunity of taking the bar examination." If Hostos delivered on its promise, as well as obtaining at least one provisional accreditation from ABA in two years time, then the Supreme Court would grant the requested accreditation. If said requirements were not satisfied the Supreme Court would refuse the accreditation request and not accept any graduates for the bar examination from 2000 on. Additionally, the Supreme Court requested that all enrolled students and all students admitted from 1 April 1998 be individually notified of the Court's second resolution and its implications for the Hostos Law School.[6]

A Provisional Accreditation Committee of the American Bar Association visited the institution between March 7–10, 1999.[7]

After the two years lapsed, the institution had not satisfied the two conditions, including having inferior bar examination rates compared to the other three accredited law schools, as well as having been denied the provisional accreditation from ABA for a second time on 24 November 1999.[8]

Bar Examination Pass Rates
Law school Sept '98 Mar '99 Sept '99
Univ. of Puerto Rico 87% 78% 83%
Interamerican Univ. 52% 46% 48%
Pontifical Catholic Univ. 51% 31% 48%
Hostos 19% 0% 22%

The Supreme Court denied the accreditation and stated that no graduates would be permitted to take the bar examinations from 2000 on. However, those who had failed the tests from 1997 to 1999 were able to reattempt the bar examination. The Court wrote that "[a]fter seven years from having been founded ... it is not justified that [the Court] continue making exceptions to ... norms and regulations ... that are required of any other applicant."[9] On a particular vote made by the Associate Justice Jaime Fuster mentioned that Hostos had an "irreparable medullar problem" in achieving its goals. He credited this to the incapacity of recluting capable students of passing the bar examination. Fuster added the results for the law school entrance exam, the Graduate Studies Admissions Test (PAEG, for Prueba de Admisión a Estudios Graduados). The Hostos Law School alleged that they "could not reclute better students for lack of accreditation." Fuster refuted this by suggesting that the most probable cause was the geographic location, where there were less students in the region for a fourth law school.[10] Out of all the passing marks of the bar exams offered in the month of September in the years 1997 to 1999, only 12% came from the 16 municipalities in the western region of Puerto Rico, which meant that even if the Hostos could reclute all students from its region, it would still be a small part of the general law school market. 54% of all Hostos graduates who took the bar exam were not from the region and 85% of these graduates also lacked the average PAEG score of those who did pass.[11] Even though the cost for three years attendance was at least $100,000, the institution had to resort to donations to keep itself afloat.[12]

Average PAEG scores For all applicants[10]
Year All of Puerto Rico Hostos Univ. of Puerto Rico
1997 604 532 660
1998 593 504 657
1999 595 509 655

The Hostos Law School did not request a reconsideration from the Supreme Court.[13] On March 9, 2000, the Court expanded the time window to students who had taken the bar exam in March 2000 to be admitted to the bar as well.[14]

2003 Provisional Accreditation

[edit]

Hostos resubmitted a request for provisional accreditation to the Supreme Court on 13 December 2002.[15] The Court named a Committee of Accreditation, composed of:

  • Jorge Pérez Díaz, Esq. (chair)
  • Dr. José R. González
  • Rafael Martínez, CPA
  • Dr. Efraín González Tejera
  • José Sosa Llorens, Esq.
  • James P. White (Counsel to the committee)-former ABA consultant

The committee submitted its final report on 19 June 2003. On June 27, the Court issued a resolution granting Hostos a five-year provisional accreditation.[16] This was subject to the following conditions:

  • Admissions: Hostos would have to maintain an admittance policy of a minimum of 500 on the PAEG and, from 2003 to 2007, increase the rate of admitted students to 70% to those who have over the score of 550.[17]
  • Administration and Financial Situation: By the end of 2003, Hostos would have to name an associate dean of finance and an associate dean of academic and student affairs, as well as pay its overdue debts and implement realistic financial plans.[18]
  • Faculty: By 30 June 2004, Hostos would have to adopt a professional development plan, whereby the faculty would be able to do their post-graduate studies and investigations in multiple universities.[19]
  • Library: The Law School would have to acquire the necessary law collections and provide them for public use and submit a plan for a permanent library site at the site of its permanent building on Peral Street, since the library was lodged at a rented site on the José de Diego Street.[20]
  • Bar exam results: From May 2006 on, the rate of graduates who passed the bar exam on their first attempt would not be less than 75% of the lowest score of any of the other three accredited law schools. For the classes of 2007 and 2008, the rate would be 80% and 85%, respectively.[21]
  • ABA Accreditation: By 31 June 2007, Hostos must have obtained either provisional or permanent accreditation from the American Bar Association.[21]
  • Progress Reports: The Board of Trustees would have to submit progress reports on all conditions every 31 January and 31 July every year from 2004 on.[22]

All students, then enrolled or who enrolled in the future, would be given a copy of these conditions as well as a Memorandum of Understanding between the Supreme Court and Hostos Law School. In addition, all graduates from December 2003 on would be able to take the bar examinations.[22] Finally, the resolution stated that Hostos had ninety days to submit a proposed plan to offer a course for all those who graduated from September 1999, when it lost its original accreditation, enabling them to take the bar exams.[23]

The final plan for the course, titled "Legislation and Jurisprudence Analysis Preparatory Program", for all those who did graduate when the institution was not accredited, was referred to the Committee of Accreditation set up by the Court.[24] The program consisted of "an intensive study and discussion program of the 13 subjects that are the object of evaluation in the general law examination."[25] Since this cohort of students had below average PAEG scored and graduated from a non-accredited institution, the Court required, that after completing the preparatory course, graduates must be recertified by Hostos.[24] However, the Committee rejected the Hostos proposal that these students obtain at least 70% in the program as a condition for their re-certification.[24] The Court adopted all of the committee's recommendations on 12 March 2004.[26]

Attempted revivals

[edit]

In early 2013, Hostos graduate and then-representative María T. González López submitted a joint resolution in an attempt to make Hostos a subsidiary faculty of the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus.[27] The joint resolution would have reaffirmed Joint Resolution 500 of 2001, which made Hostos a quasi-public institution as well as instruct both chambers of the legislature as well as the executive branch to name their representatives to the board of trustees and initiate talks with the University of Puerto Rico as well as its Mayagüez Campus to transfer the institution to them so they could salvage it by becoming part of an accredited institution. Additionally, it would have resolved a $1.5 million disbursement from the legislature for Hostos.[3] It was later retracted by González López herself.

In the Fall of 2016, the Municipality of Mayagüez and the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico signed a first of two agreements to reopen the Hostos Law School. The groups accorded that the Interamerican University would be able to incorporate the use of the name of Hostos to offer continuing education for lawyers, a Master's in law and a bachelor's in criminal justice. The university would offer an online database as a library to students and would request accreditation so that it would operate as an extension of the Law Faculty and their San Germán campus. This new setup would commence offering courses in August 2017. The second agreement, to be signed two weeks after the first one, was to allow the Interamerican University rehabilitation and use of the Hostos building.[28]

Building

[edit]
External videos
video icon You may view the conditions of the building six months after closing on YouTube

The permanent seat of the Eugenio Maria de Hostos School of Law located in the building formerly occupied and known as the Luis Muñoz Rivera elementary public school. It was built in 1924, when Juan Rullán Rivera was mayor of the city of Mayagüez.[29] The site was originally occupied by the Municipal Slaughterhouse during the early 19th century. For this reason the current street of the school, Georgina Morales, was known as "La Calle de la Carnicería" or slaughterhouse street. By 1848, the municipal prison building was built which gave its name to the Barrio where today the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law was located.[29]

The building was designed by Rafael Carmoega, whose other works include the Capitol of Puerto Rico, the School of Tropical Medicine (Escuela de Medicina Tropical), the old Casino de Puerto Rico, and the first buildings of the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus.[29] The architectural style of the building is mostly modernist, with elegant, although reserved, neoclassical accents including its access facade that is a Doric order of columns.[29]

The public elementary school closed down in 1985. The remodeling design of the building was the work of Mayagüez architect Juan Manuel Moscoso. The property was restored and rehabilitated to house the law school by the Mayagüez Municipal Government during the years 1997 to 1999, under the mayoralty José Guillermo Rodríguez. The building was inaugurated as the permanent seat of the law school on May 7, 1999.[29] In November 2006, then-governor of Puerto Rico Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, took part in a cornerstone laying ceremony for a new building to house the law library right next to the Hostos building. Acevedo Vilá highlighted the social work offered by Hostos through its legal aid clinic and announced an annual $1.5 million allocation for the building of the library for the next five years, until 2010, creating between 25 and 30 jobs. The building, which would have taken 13 months to complete, would have consisted of a three-storey building with 37,433 square feet to house Hostos' 180,000 volumes.[30] In March 2013, a fire started in one of the abandoned residences, however, no persons were affected nor were they evictions.[31] In 2014, after Hostos had its accreditation rescinded for the final time, the mayor Guillermo Rodríguez requested that the building be returned to the municipality since it had been abandoned and had become a "vandal den."[32]

Crime Victims Help Center

[edit]

On July 7, 2020, the Municipality and the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico announced the use of the Hostos building as the seat of a joint venture to provide a help center for crime victims (CAVIC-May, for Centro de Apoyo a Victimas del Crimen-Mayagüez) of the 23 municipalities in the western and southwestern regions of the island.[33] $846,458 of the funds came from Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) and $211,615 from institutional funds, for a total of $1,058,073.[34] The aim is to provide is assist primary and secondary victims of sex-related crimes in overcoming the damages they suffered as a result of those crimes.[35] The clinic will also provide aid to victims of crimes ranging from arsony to discrimantion based on intellectial disability, as well as coordinate workshops with other government agencies.[36]

Competitions

[edit]

Eugenio Maria de Hostos Law School students were winners of the XVIII Miguel Velázquez Rivera Debate Competition, an annual competition held by the University of Puerto Rico School of Law Review.[37] The competition included students from all law schools in Puerto Rico, and measured legal knowledge matter.[38] Hostos had also won three previous editions of the competition for the years 2001, 2006 and 2009.[39]

Hostos students were also the victors in the inaugural edition of the Enrique Miranda Merced Interuniversity Litigation Competition in 2010, held by the University of Puerto Rico School of Law Litigation Student Association. It counted with participation from both institutions who went head-to-head through two rounds, where Hostos took the role of prosecutors and then the role of the defendants to prove their knowledge and capabilities relating to the criminal code.[40]

Financial Situation

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The Hostos Law School started off in 1993 with $12,144 of total assets, this reached an all-time high in 2011 of $11,199,337, a year after it got its accreditation rescinded by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico.[41]

Ni una vida más para la toga

[edit]

Ni una vida más para la toga (or "Not one more life for the toga") was an academic colloquim sponsored and held by Hostos for the "critical and interdisciplinary reflection particularly on the field[s] of State and Law." Started in 2003 by invitation of Dr. Daniel Nina to his peers to discuss a 1993 essay of the same name by the founding dean Dr. Carlos Rivera Lugo. The name is a play on the anti-drug campaign slogan Ni una vida más para las drogas ("Not one more life for drugs).[42] Speakers included Noam Chomsky, Enrique Dussel, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Raúl Zibechi, Óscar Correas [es], Jesús Alí de la Torre, Edward James Olmos and Samuel Silva Gotay. In 2007 a book of the same name was released by Dr. Nina in Utuado containing ten of the speeches given in their inaugural edition.[43]

Notable faculty

[edit]
  • Ana Aliende Urtasun-visiting professor.[44]
  • Fernando Bayrón Toro-jurist, historian, novelist and politician.[45]
  • Iris M. Camacho Meléndez-student affairs coordinator and director of legal aid clinic at Hostos, now Student Dean at the IUPR, School of Law.[46]
  • Federico Cedó Alzamora-Official Historian of Mayagüez and former representative of the municipality in the Board of Trustees.[47]
  • José A. Cuevas Segarra-former member of the Board of Trustees.[48]
  • Carlos del Valle Cruz.[49]
  • Rolando Emmanuelli Jiménez-author and photographer.[50]
  • Juan Mari Brás-founder.
  • José O. Marrero Alvarado-higher education administrator of the Ana G. Méndez University and consultant.[51]
  • Víctor “Vitín” Negrón Padilla-professor on municipal law and former member of the board of trustees.[52]
  • Daniel Nina Estrella-founding coordinator of Ni una vida más para la toga colloqium.[53]
  • Milagros Martínez Mercado-Ponce-based family lawyer.[54]
  • Derik V. Molinary Cortés (JD '08)-Moca-based domestic violence lawyer, also worked with the Fundación Mujer de F. E.[55]
  • Lizbeth J. Rivera Morales (JD '99)-founding director of the Hostos legal assistance clinic.[56]
  • Luis Rivera Román-Visiting Professor and now-retired judge.[57]
  • Santos Alfonso Silva Sernaqué-coordinator of the Barcos de Papel legal magazine.[58]
  • Eduardo Vázquez Bote Ph.D.- author and recipient of Cruz de San Raimundo de Peñafort.[59][60]
  • Jorge Velázquez Hernández-Puerto Rico bar exam tutor and critic.[61][62]

Notable alumni

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Facultad de Derecho Eugenio Maria de Hostos - Mayaguez, Puerto Rico". Archived from the original on 2010-02-10. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
  2. ^ "Se queda sin acreditación la Facultad de Derecho Eugenio María de Hostos" [Without Accreditation Hostos Law School]. Primera Hora (in Spanish). 2011-07-01. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
  3. ^ a b "Nueva iniciativa para salvar facultad de derecho Hostos" [New Initiative To Save Hostos Law School]. Mayagüez sabe a mangó (in Spanish). 2013-03-14. Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  4. ^ 2000 TSPR 25, p. 2.
  5. ^ a b 2000 TSPR 25, p. 3.
  6. ^ 2000 TSPR 25, p. 4.
  7. ^ "ABA Accreditation Law School Site Evaluations Visits 1998-1999". ABA Journal. 85: 110. 1999-12-01. Archived from the original on 2020-06-06.
  8. ^ 2000 TSPR 25, p. 5.
  9. ^ 2000 TSPR 25, p. 6.
  10. ^ a b 2000 TSPR 25, p. 8.
  11. ^ 2000 TSPR 25, pp. 9-10.
  12. ^ 2000 TSPR 25, p. 11.
  13. ^ 2000 TSPR 38, p. 7.
  14. ^ 2000 TSPR 38, p. 2.
  15. ^ 2003 TSPR 29, p. 2.
  16. ^ 2003 TSPR 110, p. 2.
  17. ^ 2003 TSPR 110, p. 3.
  18. ^ 2003 TSPR 110, p. 3-4.
  19. ^ 2003 TSPR 110, p. 4.
  20. ^ 2003 TSPR 110, p. 4-5.
  21. ^ a b 2003 TSPR 110, p. 5.
  22. ^ a b 2003 TSPR 110, p. 6.
  23. ^ 2003 TSPR 110, p. 7.
  24. ^ a b c 2004 TSPR 38, p. 5.
  25. ^ 2004 TSPR 38, p. 4.
  26. ^ 2004 TSPR 38, p. 1, 5.
  27. ^ González-López, María (2013-03-08). "RCS0085". Sistema Único de Trámite Legislativo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-06-04. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  28. ^ Rosario, Frances (2016-12-12). "Reabrirá la Escuela de Derecho de Mayagüez" [Mayagüez Law School Will Reopen]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Facultad de Derecho Eugenio María de Hostos" [Eugenio María de Hostos Faculty of Law]. Mayagüez sabe a mango (in Spanish). 2010-05-31. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  30. ^ "Inicia construcción de Biblioteca para Facultad Eugenio María de Hostos y asignan $1.5 millones por cinco años" [Construction of the Library for the Eugenio María de Hostos Faculty Begins and $1.5 Million is Allocated for Five Years]. Universia (in Spanish). 2006-11-02. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
  31. ^ "Fuego cerca de escuela de Derecho en Mayagüez" [Fire Near The Law School In Mayagüez]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2013-03-15. Archived from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  32. ^ Caquías-Cruz, Sandra (2014-01-08). "Casa Museo Pilar Defilló ubicará en el que fue el hogar de la madre de Pablo Casals" [Casa Museo Pilar Defilló Will Be Located In What Was the Home of Pablo Casal's Mother]. Mayagüez sabe a mangó (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  33. ^ "Mayagüez busca crear un centro de apoyo víctimas del crimen" [Mayagüez Seeks To Create A Support Center For Crime Victims]. La Isla Oeste (in Spanish). 2020-07-07. Archived from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  34. ^ "Mayagüez establece acuerdo con Universidad Interamericana para crear el Centro de Apoyo a Victimas del Crimen" [Mayagüez Establishes Agreement With The Inter-American University To Create The Support Center for Crime Victims]. La Perla del Sur (in Spanish). 2020-07-07. Archived from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  35. ^ "Municipio de Mayagüez busca crear centro de apoyo a víctimas del crimen" [Municipality of Mayagüez Seeks To Create A Support Center For Crime Victims]. Visión (in Spanish). 2020-07-07. Archived from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  36. ^ "En la Escuela de Derecho Eugenio María de Hostos nuevo Centro de Apoyo a Víctimas del Crimen" [A New Support Center for Victims of Crime At The Eugenio María de Hostos Law School]. Mayagüez sabe a mangó (in Spanish). 2020-07-08. Archived from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  37. ^ "Hostosianos ganan competencia de debate" [Hostosians Win Debate Competition]. Mayagües sabe a mangó (in Spanish). 2012-04-27. Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  38. ^ Estudiantes de derecho de la Eugenio María de Hostos ganan competencia.[usurped] El Sur a la Vista. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  39. ^ "Estudiantes de la FDEMDH ganan competencia de debate" [FDEMDH Students Win Debate Competition]. NotiCel (in Spanish). 2020-04-14. Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  40. ^ "Escuela de Derecho de Mayagüez gana competencia de Litigio" [Mayagüez Law School Wins Litigation Competition]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2010-12-01. Archived from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  41. ^ "Annual Fillings of the Fundación Escuela de Derecho Eugenio María de Hostos". Department of State Registry of Corporations and Entities. Archived from the original on 2020-06-06. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  42. ^ Schulz, Ana (2008-05-01). "Juzgando la justicia en Puerto Rico: "Ni una vida más para la toga"" [Judging Justice in Puerto Rico: "Not one more life for the toga"]. Diagonal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  43. ^ "Presentan en Utuado "Ni una vida más para la toga"" ["Not one more life for the toga" Presented In Utuado]. Universia (in Spanish). 2007-01-18. Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  44. ^ "La profesora de la Universidad Pública de Navarra Ana Aliende imparte un curso de doctorado en puerto Rico y en Santo Domingo" [Professor at the Public University of Navarra Ana Aliende Teaches a Doctorate Course in Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo]. Public University of Navarre (in Spanish). 2006-02-16. Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  45. ^ "Decretan 3 días de duelo en Mayagüez por el fallecimiento del abogado, catedratico, escritor, historiador y ex presidente de la Legislatura Municipal Fernando Bayrón Toro" [3 Days of Mourning are Decreed in Mayagüez for the Death of the Lawyer, Professor, Writer, Historian and Former President of the Municipal Legislature Fernando Bayrón Toro]. Foro Noticioso (in Spanish). 2019-07-15. Archived from the original on 2020-07-10. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  46. ^ "Nuestra Facultad Escuela de Derecho" [Our Faculty School of Law]. Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  47. ^ "Un hasta luego al historiador oficial de Mayagüez" [A see you later to the official historian of Mayagüez]. Mayagüez sabe a mangó (in Spanish). 2018-05-13. Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  48. ^ Cuevas Segarra, José A. (1994). "El sistema de responsabilidad civil extracontractual en los ordenamientos jurídicos de Puerto Rico y España" [The Non-Contractual Civil Liability System in the Legal Systems of Puerto Rico and Spain]. University of Extremadura Law Review (in Spanish). 12–13 (12): 338. Archived from the original on 2020-07-12 – via Dialnet.
  49. ^ del Valle Cruz, Carlos (2012-03-22). "Juicio por jurado en casos civiles como cuestión de derecho constitucional: Un error garrafal". Derecho al derecho. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
  50. ^ "Presentación del Libro "PROMESA" este sábado 8 de abril a las 3 P.M. en El Candil en Ponce" [Presentation of the Book "PROMESA" this Saturday, April 8 at 3 P.M. at El Candil in Ponce]. Constant Contact (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  51. ^ "José O. Marrero Alvarado, MBA Curriculum Vitae". APAG. Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  52. ^ "Una misa para el exrepresentante Víctor "Vitín" Negrón Padilla" [A Mass for the Former Representative Víctor “Vitín” Negrón Padilla]. Mayagüez sabe a mangó (in Spanish). 2019-01-23. Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  53. ^ "Feria de artesanías y libros, conferencia, presentación de libro" [Books and Crafts fair, Conference, Book Presentation]. Prensa RUM (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  54. ^ "Biografía Lcda. Milagros Martínez Mercado" [Milagros Martínez Mercado, Esq. Biography]. Lcda Milagros Martínez (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  55. ^ "Lcdo. Derik V. Molinary Cortés" [Derik V. Molinary Cortés Esq.]. VYMaps.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  56. ^ "Fondos federales para Facultad Hostos" [Federal Funds For Hostos Faculty]. Universia (in Spanish). 2001-12-13. Archived from the original on 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
  57. ^ "Nuevo juez administrador en el Tribunal de Apelaciones" [New Administrative Judge at the Court of Appeals]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2010-06-23. Archived from the original on 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
  58. ^ "Ficha del Autor Silva Sernaqué, Santos Alfonso" [Author Data Silva Sernaqué, Santos Alfonso]. University of San Marcos (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  59. ^ Vázuqez Bote, Eduardo. "II Raul Serrano Geyls, Derecho de Familia de Puerto Rico y Legislacion Comparada (2002)" [II Raul Serrano Geyls, Family Law of Puerto Rico and Comparative Legislation (2002)]. Interamerican University of Puerto Rico Law Review (in Spanish). 37: 67. Archived from the original on 2020-07-12 – via HeinOnline.
  60. ^ "In Memoriam: Eduardo Vazquez Bote". University of Puerto Rico Law Review (in Spanish). 76: 279. Archived from the original on 2020-07-12 – via HeinOnline.
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  62. ^ "Jorge Velázquez Hernández: De la generosidad en el profesorado" [Jorge Velázquez Hernández: On Generosity in Teachers]. Microjuris Puerto Rico (in Spanish). 2016-06-23. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
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References

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18°11′59.18″N 67°08′22.16″W / 18.1997722°N 67.1394889°W / 18.1997722; -67.1394889

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