Extant Ming Dynasty empress's 3-dragons-2-phoenixes crown, with the bobin detached and laid at the sides
Fengguan (Chinese: 鳳冠; lit. 'phoenix crown') is a Chinese traditional headgear for women. It was worn by noblewomen in the Ming Dynasty on ceremonies or official occasions. It is also the traditional headgear for brides. It is adorned with gold dragons, phoenixes made with kingfisher feathers, beaded pheasants, pearls and gemstones. The number of pearls used range from 3426 to 5449, while the number of gemstones used range from 95 to 128.[citation needed] These pearls, gemstones and more kingfisher feathers are made into ornamental flowers, leaves, clouds, and bobin (博鬢, the 'wings' at the side/back of the crown). The weight of the entire crown range from 2–3 kilograms (4.4–6.6 lb).[1] Fengguan was first developed in Tang Dynasty and were worn through the Ming Dynasty[citation needed], with many changes made with time.
There are different varieties of fengguan, depending on the number of dragons, phoenixes and pheasants adorned, and the presence or absence of certain ornaments. Fengguan of empresses includes 12-dragons-9-phoenixes crown (十二龍九鳳冠), 9-dragons-9-phoenixes crown (九龍九鳳冠), 6-dragons-3-phoenixes crown (六龍三鳳冠), and the 3-dragons-2-phoenixes crown (三龍二鳳冠). 9-pheasants crown (九翟冠), 7-pheasants crown (七翟冠) and 5-pheasants crown (五翟冠), adorned with beaded pheasants and gold phoenixes, are worn by royal concubines and princesses (includes wives of princes), with the number of pheasants representing the wearer's royal rank. All other noblewomen/wives and daughters of officials wear the pearl-and-emerald crown (珍珠翡翠冠), where the crown is just adorned with pearls and gemstones (in various ornamental shapes).[2] Fengguan worn with diyi have no dangling string of pearls by the sides. Only the fengguan of empresses and crown princesses (wife of crown prince) can have bobin adorned, with the empress's crown having 6 blades of bobin (3 on each side), while the crown princess can only have 4 blades of bobin (2 on each side). All other noblewomen cannot have bobin on their Fengguan.
Fengguan of Tang Dynasty worn by empresses
Ming Dynasty empress's fengguan worn with diyi, with no dangling string of pearls by the sides.
Ming Dynasty empress's fengguan worn with dashan, with dangling string of pearls by the sides
Ming Dynasty noblewoman wearing 9-pheasants crown (with no bobin) and yuanlingshan
Ming Dynasty noblewoman wearing 5-pheasants crown (with no bobin) and yuanlingshan
Extant Ming Dynasty empress's 6-dragons-3-phoenixes crown (3 of the dragons are at the back of the crown)
Extant Ming Dynasty empress's 6-dragons-3-phoenixes crown (3 of the dragons are at the back of the crown)
Extant Ming Dynasty empress's 9-dragons-9-phoenixes crown (bobin unseen at the back of the crown)
Extant Ming Dynasty empress's 3-dragons-2-phoenixes crown
Extant Ming Dynasty empress's 3-dragons-2-phoenixes crown, back view
Bride wearing fengguan for wedding
