General Instrument AY-3-8910
The AY-3-8910 is a 3-voice programmable sound generator (PSG) designed by General Instrument, initially for use with their 16-bit CP1610 or one of the PIC1650 series of 8-bit microcomputers. The AY-3-8910 and its variants became popular chips in many arcade games and pinball machines, and were used on, among others, the Intellivision and Vectrex video game consoles, Amstrad CPC, Oric 1, Colour Genie, Elektor TV Games Computer, MSX and Sinclair ZX Spectrum 128/+2/+3 home computers as well as the Mockingboard and Cricket sound cards for the Apple II family.
After General Instrument's spinoff of Microchip Technology in 1987, the chip was sold for a few years under the Microchip brand instead. It was also produced under license by Yamaha (with minor modifications, i.e. a selectable clock divider pin, and a double-resolution but double-rate volume envelope table) as the YM2149F; the Atari ST uses this version. It produced very similar results to the Texas Instruments SN76489 and was on the market for a similar period.
The chips are no longer made, but a declining stock is still obtainable for servicing vintage machines. Functionally-identical clone chips are still in active production (see Variants). A VHDL equivalent description has been written, for use in FPGA recreations of arcade machines and others like those mentioned above. The VHDL source code is available on the Internet, and compiles to fill about 10% of a Xilinx XC2S300 FPGA.
Description
The AY-3-8910 was essentially a state machine, with the state being set up in a series of sixteen 8-bit registers. These were programmed over an 8-bit bus that was used both for addressing and data by toggling one of the external pins. For instance, a typical setup cycle would put the bus into "address mode" to select a register, and then switch to "data mode" to set the contents of that register. This bus was implemented natively on GI's own CPUs, but it had to be recreated in glue logic or with the help of an additional interface adapter such as the MOS Technology 6522 when the chip was used with the much more common MOS Technology 6502 or Zilog Z80 CPUs.
Six registers controlled the pitches produced in the three primary channels. The wavelength to generate was held in two eight-bit registers dedicated to each channel, but the value was limited to 12-bits for other reasons, for a total of 4095 (the register value is used as the frequency divider and 0 is treated as 1) different pitches. Another register controlled the period of a pseudo-random noise generator, while another controlled the mixing of this noise into the three primary channels.
Three additional registers controlled the volume of the channels, as well as turning on or off the optional envelope controls on them. Finally the last three registers controlled the times of the envelope controller, by setting the envelope type and envelope cycle time. Envelope types include sawtooth shape or triangle shape, starting on either maximum or minimum. The shape can also be set to repeat for a cycling effect. As there was only one envelope shared between all three channels, many programmers ignored it and programmed their own envelope controllers in software (controlling volume directly). A well known trick was to run the hardware envelope at cycle times above 20Hz to produce sawtooth or pulse-wave like bass sounds.
Although there are only 16 registers, the four MSB bits of the 8-bit bus must be set to the factory default '0000' value when selecting a register. Incorrectly setting the MSB bits causes the chip to ignore the register change. General Instruments did take orders for customized MSB bits (factory set to other than '0000'). The chips made with customize-set MSB register bits allow the same processor to control more than one AY chip on the same bus (e.g. Mockingboard sound card). There are many new-old-stock (NOS) chips on the secondary market with MSB bits factory set to a non-'0000' value. The non-0000 value can cause significant developmental troubles for designers and repair technicians. Software must be written to identify the correct value of the MSB bits on any given chip. Also, software must be changed or hardware added to allow these factory set MSB chips to be used in place of the default '0000' chips.[citation needed]
The AY-3-8910 generates tones with base frequencies of up to 125 kHz (4 MHz input clock, or 8 MHz with the YM2149F), well beyond human perception and into the ultrasonic range. This is not as wasteful as it may first appear, however, as it offers a finer frequency resolution than would otherwise be available under the frequency-divider scheme whilst only sacrificing a few of the total 4096 values; only dividers below 5 imply entirely-ultrasonic frequencies. Frequencies equivalent to the top octave of a piano keyboard can be defined with reasonable accuracy versus the accepted note values for even-tempered scale, to nearly 1 Hz precision in the A440 range, and even more finely at lower pitches. Despite the high maximum frequency, the ability to divide that figure by 4096 means the lowest directly definable output frequency, is 30.6 Hz, roughly equal to B0, the third lowest note on a normal 88-key piano, and as good as subsonic with everyday speaker systems. In essence, the chip is able produce decently musical output at all reasonable pitches found in most compositions.
By contrast, the SN76489 only has 10 bits of precision for its frequency dividers. Having the same base frequency of 125 kHz, it should in theory lack the two lowest octaves of the PSG. To get around this, the SN76489 plays its tone generators one octave lower than their calculated frequency, giving it one octave less in the bass and one octave less in the top compared to the PSG.
Variants
The 8910 silicon chip was sold in three different packages.
The AY-3-8910 has two general-purpose 8-bit parallel I/O ports, A and B, and these are available in the 40-pin package of the same name.
The AY-3-8912 is the same chip in a 28-pin package, with parallel port B simply not connected to any pins. Smaller packages save cost and board space. The 8912 was the most widely used variant.
The AY-3-8913 is the same chip in a 24-pin package, with both parallel ports not connected. Some users thought the small reduction in pin count over the 8912 made it less interesting, however, the I/O registers were rarely used by designers so General Instruments created this fully functional 24 pin alternative and released it approximately 6 months after the 8910 and 8912 chips. The goal was to reduce complexity for the designer and reduce the foot print on the PCB.
The Yamaha YM2149F 'SSG' chip has the same pinout as the AY-3-8910, with the minor difference that pin 26 could halve the master clock if pulled low. If left unconnected, as it would be if replacing an AY-3-8910 chip, an internal resistor pulls the pin high, so the master clock is not halved.
The Yamaha YM3439 is a CMOS version of the YM2149F. It is available in two packages: 40-pin DIP (YM3439-D) and 44-pin QFP (YM3439-F).
The Yamaha YMZ294 is one of the newest variants of the YM2149, but in an 18-pin package. Has no parallel ports and only one sound output with the three channels mixed.
The Yamaha YMZ284 is an even smaller variation of the YM2149, in a 16-pin package. It's basically YMZ294 without the 4/8 MHz selection pin and the /TEST pin.
The Yamaha YMZ285 has a 28-pin package and features a built-in PCM. Has no parallel ports and two sound outputs: one with the three SSG channels mixed, other with the PCM output.
The Toshiba T7766A is a compatible chip that has the same pinout as the AY-3-8910 and was used in some MSX models.
The Winbond WF19054, JFC 95101 and the File KC89C72 have the same pinout of the AY-3-8910 and are also 100% software compatible. They're still in production and used on many Slot machines.
The AY-3-8914 has the same pinout and is in the same 40-pin package as the AY-3-8910, except the control registers on the chip are shuffled around, and the 'expected input' on the A9 pin may be different. Otherwise it is exactly the same as the AY-3-8910. It was used on the Mattel Intellivision.
The AY-3-8930, also known as AY8930, is an enhanced but mostly-backwards-compatible version of the AY-3-8910. The function of the BC2 pin is changed (it is ignored and assumed to be 0 regardless of the pin state), otherwise the pinout is the same as the AY-3-8910. This variant of the chip adds a number of major enhancements, such as separate envelopes for the three channels (as opposed to one shared envelope), variable duty-cycles, more bits of precision for note frequency, volume, and envelope frequency, and a much more configurable noise generator. It was used on the Covox Sound Master sound card for the IBM-PC. Very few games took advantage of it beyond the normal AY-3-8910 features. This chip may have only been produced by Microchip Technology.
Advanced techniques
Although the chip wasn't designed to handle raw PCM data (digital sound), the effect could be simulated. The chip used a simple OR based mixing function for combining noise and tone on its three channels and could be persuaded to produce a level non-zero wave. By altering the volume this level wave could be shaped into a waveform. Obviously, this involved more CPU usage than chips designed for this purpose (such as the MOS Technology 8364 "Paula" as used in the Commodore Amiga), but it was nevertheless a technique widely used on platforms such as the Atari ST and less frequently the Amstrad CPC to play sampled music, and on the ZX Spectrum 128 and MSX to play short audio samples, in some games.
Doing the same thing fewer times per second (in the order of 30 to 300 per second) allows the use of an arbitrary software-defined envelope on each of the three channels individually. This takes negligible CPU power (provided there is some timer interrupt or vertical blank interrupt) and can be used in games.
In turn, the now useless envelope functionality can be set to very high frequency, actually generating a waveform that is not the usual square wave, thanks to the timbre-altering effects of amplitude modulation. However, to obtain harmonic results, the modulating envelope must be related to the pitch of the desired note, and because the granularity by which high-frequency envelopes can be set is low, music composed for the chip generally uses this technique only for bass lines.
Another method was to set one channel output to idle high, then use the volume control as a simple logarithmic 4-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter. This however resulted in poor audio quality, because it only had 16 output levels and these were logarithmically spaced.
A more sophisticated method was to use all three channels wired together, and exploit the non-linearity of the mixing to produce many intermediate output levels. Having modeled the non-linearity of the three channels, developers had to find suitable values by exhaustive search. Having done so, they produced an 8-bit to 3×4-bit lookup table. This allowed 8-bit audio samples to be played fairly adequately, though not as well as a real 8-bit D/A converter. The problem of this technique is that the player cannot change the volume of the three channels as a single operation. This implies unwanted output levels between two successive samples.
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In 2006, two MSX developers created an advanced encoder that converts a wave file to optimal[1] PSG channel transitions using a Viterbi search. They replayed a 44.1 kHz wave file on a 23-year-old MSX and achieved a higher signal-to-noise ratio than an 8-bit DAC [citation needed]. The Viterbi search is rather CPU intensive[citation needed], so even though it would have been theoretically possible to use this method already in the 80's[citation needed], there were no computers powerful enough to perform the analysis required.
Related chips
Yamaha used the YM2149 core to produce a whole family of music chips which were used in mobile phones, home computers, home and arcade video game systems, etc. For example, the YM2203 (also known as OPN) is a YM2149 plus FM. As well as its far more advanced successors: the YM2608 (also known as OPNA) which retained all previous features and greatly expanded upon those, the YM2612 (also known as OPN2) which was a cut-down YM2608 and removed many features including the YM2149 sound channels and I/O ports, and the YM2610 (OPNB) which added other features and retained the YM2149 sound but not the I/O ports.
See also
References
External links
- AY-3-8914, AY-3-8916 and AY-3-8917
- Template:Dmoz
- ST SOUND, Hearing the AY-3-8910 chip
- AY-3-8910, AY-3-8912 and YM2149 Homepage (AY chip emulator for Win32, big archive of AY music
- Blog of Dr. Stack van Hay (in German) Huge microscopic image of AY-3-8910 die and function blocks