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George Blake

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George Blake
Born
George Behar

(1922-11-11) 11 November 1922 (age 101)
Rotterdam, Netherlands
NationalityBritish
OccupationSpy
Known forDouble agent

George Blake (born George Behar 11 November 1922), is a former British spy who worked as a double agent for the Soviet Union. He became a Communist and decided to work for the KGB while a prisoner during the Korean War. Discovered in 1961 and sentenced to 42 years in prison, he escaped from Wormwood Scrubs prison in 1966 and fled to the USSR. He was not one of the Cambridge spies, although he associated with fellow double agents Donald Maclean and Kim Philby after reaching the USSR.[1]

Biography

Early life

Blake was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands in 1922, the son of a Protestant Dutch mother, and an Egyptian Jewish father who was a naturalised British subject.[2] He was named George after King George V of the United Kingdom.[3] His father, Albert Behar, served in the British Army in the First World War. While he received the Meritorious Service Medal, he embellished his war service when recounting it to his wife and children, and also concealed his Jewish background up until his death.[4] The Behars lived a comfortable existence in the Netherlands until Albert's death in 1936. The thirteen-year-old Blake was sent to live with relatives in Egypt, where he continued his education at the English School in Cairo. While in Cairo, he was close to his cousin Henri Curiel, who was later to become a leader of the Communist Democratic Movement for National Liberation. In 1991, Blake said that his encounter with Curiel, who was a decade older and already a Marxist, shaped his views in later life.[5]

When the Second World War broke out, Blake was back in the Netherlands. In 1940, Germany invaded and quickly defeated the Dutch military. Blake was interned but released because he was only 17. He joined the Dutch resistance as a courier. In 1942, he escaped from the Netherlands and travelled to Britain via Belgium, France, Spain, and Gibraltar, reaching London in January 1943. There he was reunited with his mother and his sisters, who had fled at the start of the war. In 1943 his mother decided to change the family name from Behar to Blake.[6]

Espionage activities

After he reached Britain, Blake joined the Royal Navy as a sub-lieutenant, before being recruited by the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) in 1944. For the rest of the war, Blake was employed in the Dutch Section.[7] He intended to marry an MI6 secretary, Iris Peake, but her family prevented the marriage because of Blake's Jewish background and the relationship ended. In 1946 he was posted to Hamburg and put in charge of the interrogation of German U-boat captains. Following a crash-course in Russian at Cambridge University in 1947 and 1948, he was posted to the British Legation in Seoul, South Korea, under Vyvyan Holt. He arrived on 6 November 1948. Under cover as a vice-consul, Blake's mission was to gather intelligence on Communist North Korea, Communist China, and the Soviet Far East.[8]

The Korean War broke out on 25 June 1950 and Seoul was quickly captured by the advancing Korean People's Army of the North. After Britain entered the war on the side of the South, Blake and the other British diplomats were taken prisoner. As the tide of the war turned, Blake and the others were taken north, first to Pyongyang and then to the Yalu River. After seeing the bombing of North Korea, and after reading the works of Karl Marx and others during his three-year detention, he was won over to Communism. At a secret meeting arranged with his guards, he volunteered to work for the Soviet Union's spy service, the KGB.[9][10] In an interview Blake was once asked, "Is there one incident that triggered your decision to effectively change sides?", to which Blake responded, "It was the relentless bombing of small Korean villages by enormous American flying fortresses. Women and children and old people, because the young men were in the army. We might have been victims ourselves. It made me feel ashamed of belonging to these overpowering, technically superior countries fighting against what seemed to me defenceless people. I felt I was on the wrong side ... that it would be better for humanity if the Communist system prevailed, that it would put an end to war."[5]

Following his release in 1953, Blake returned to Britain as a hero, landing at RAF Abingdon.[11] In October 1954 he married MI6 secretary Gillian Allan in St Mark's Church (North Audley Street) in London.[12] In 1955, he was sent by MI6 to work as a case officer in Berlin, where his task was to recruit Soviet officers as double agents. He informed his KGB contacts of the details of British and American operations. This included Operation Gold, in which a tunnel into East Berlin was used to tap telephone lines used by the Soviet military. Until Blake's treachery was discovered, this operation had been hailed as a resounding success. It is claimed that in the course of nine years he betrayed details of some 40 MI6 agents to the KGB, destroying most of MI6's operations in Eastern Europe, though this remains unsubstantiated.[13][14] Blake later said of this, "I don't know what I handed over because it was so much".[15] In 1959 Blake became aware of a Central Intelligence Agency mole inside GRU, and was thus instrumental in exposing P. S. Popov, who was executed in 1960.[16]

Discovery and conviction

In 1961 Blake fell under suspicion after revelations by Polish defector Michael Goleniewski and others. He was arrested when he arrived in London after being summoned from Lebanon, where he was enrolled at the Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies (MECAS).[17] Under interrogation, Blake hotly denied he was tortured or blackmailed by the North Koreans. Without thinking what he was saying, he stated that he had switched sides voluntarily. He then gave his MI6 interrogators a full confession.[18]

The maximum sentence for any one offence under section 1 of the Official Secrets Act 1911 is 14 years, but his activities were divided into five time periods charged as five offences and, in May 1961 after an in camera trial at the Old Bailey, he was sentenced to the maximum term of 14 years consecutively on each of three counts of spying for a potential enemy and 14 years concurrently on both the two remaining counts – a total of 42 years imprisonment – by the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Parker of Waddington. This sentence was reported by newspapers to represent one year for each of the agents who were killed when he betrayed them, although this is dubious.[19] It was the longest sentence (excluding life terms) ever handed down by a British court, until Nezar Hindawi was sentenced to 45 years for the attempted bombing of an El Al jet.

Escape from prison

Five years later, on 22 October 1966, Blake escaped from Wormwood Scrubs prison with the assistance of three men whom he had met in jail: Sean Bourke and two anti-nuclear campaigners, Michael Randle and Pat Pottle. The escape was masterminded by Bourke, who originally approached Randle only for financial help with the escape. Randle, however, became more involved and suggested they bring Pottle in on the plan as well, as he had suggested springing Blake to Randle in 1962 when they were both still in prison. Their motives for helping Blake to escape were their belief that the 42-year sentence was "inhuman" and because of a personal liking of Blake.[20]

Bourke had smuggled a walkie-talkie to Blake to communicate with him whilst in jail. It was decided that Blake would break a window at the end of the corridor where his cell was located. Then between 6 and 7 pm, whilst most of the other inmates and guards were at the weekly film showing, Blake could climb through the window, slide down a porch and get to the perimeter wall, where Bourke would throw a rope ladder made of knitting needles over the wall so that Blake could climb over and they would then drive off to the safe house. During the escape, Blake fractured his wrist jumping from the perimeter wall, but apart from that it all went according to plan.

After the escape, it became apparent that the safe house Bourke had organised was not suitable, as it was a bedsit that was cleaned by the landlady once a week. Blake then spent several days moving between Randle and Pottle's friends' houses; after this Blake and Bourke moved in with Pottle, staying with him while preparing to get through customs and escape to the Soviet Union.[17]

Moscow

Blake fled to the USSR via East Germany. He was divorced by his wife, with whom he had three children, and started a new life. In 1990, he published his autobiography No Other Choice.[21] The book's British publisher had paid him about £60,000 before the government intervened to stop him profiting from sales. He later filed a complaint charging the British government with human rights violation for taking nine years to decide on his case and was awarded £5,000 in compensation by the European Court of Human Rights.[22] In 1991 Blake testified by video recording when Randle and Pottle were put on trial for aiding his escape. They were acquitted.[23] In an interview with NBC News in 1991, Blake said he regretted the deaths of the agents he had betrayed.

In late 2007, Blake was awarded the Order of Friendship on his 85th birthday by Vladimir Putin.[24] Blake has written a new book, Transparent Walls, as reported by the daily Vzglyad ("The View"). Sergei Lebedev, the director of the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) of the Russian Federation, wrote in the book’s foreword that despite the book being devoted to the past, it is about the present as well. He also wrote that Blake, the 85-year-old colonel of Foreign Intelligence, "still takes an active role in the affairs of the secret service."

In 2012 he celebrated his 90th birthday, still living in Moscow on a KGB pension.[13] His eyesight was failing and he claimed to be "virtually blind". He remained a committed Marxist–Leninist. Blake denied being a traitor, insisting that he had never felt British: "To betray, you first have to belong. I never belonged."[25]

  • "Escape in Time" (1967) was an episode of The Avengers, in which a signboard said, "Where is Blake?" The episode itself featured super criminals following an "escape route" where they disappear to get away with their ill-gotten gains.
  • The 1973 film The Mackintosh Man features a character named Slade, who is based on Blake and who makes a similar escape from prison.
  • Blake appears as a character in the 1990 novel by Ian McEwan, The Innocent.
  • The play Cell Mates (1995) by Simon Gray is about Blake and Sean Bourke. The original production starred Stephen Fry as Blake and Rik Mayall as Bourke. The production was thrown into turmoil when Fry walked out following a bad review.
  • After the Break (2002), a radio play by Ian Curteis, centred on the uncomfortable relationship between Blake and Bourke after they had both fled to Moscow.
  • Blake's story appears in the 1982 novel Shadow of Shadows by Ted Allbeury.
  • Alfred Hitchcock planned to make a film, The Short Night, based on Blake, but died before doing so.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 324-328.
  2. ^ http://www.pbs.org/redfiles/kgb/deep/interv/k_int_george_blake.htm
  3. ^ H Montgomery Hyde (1987) George Blake Superspy, Constable, ISBN 0-09-468140-6
  4. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 2-5.
  5. ^ a b Irvine, Ian (1 October 2006). "George Blake: I spy a British traitor". The Independent. London. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  6. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 18-44, 47.
  7. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 46-57.
  8. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 80, 84-85.
  9. ^ CNN "Cold War"
  10. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 126, 129-134.
  11. ^ Turner, John Frayn (2012). Traitor: British Double Agents 1930–80. Osprey Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 978-1780967295.
  12. ^ Blake, George (1990). No Other Choice. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 165. ISBN 0-224-03067-1.
  13. ^ a b David Williams (6 November 2012). "'I've no regrets and have enjoyed the happiest years of my life in Russia', says MI6 spy who betrayed up to 40 British agents". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  14. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 252-253.
  15. ^ "George Blake - The Confession". BBC Radio 4. 3 August 2009.
  16. ^ William Hood. Mole (New York: Ballantine, 1983), p.246-7.
  17. ^ a b Michael Randle and Pat Pottle (1989) The Blake Escape: How We Freed George Blake and Why, London, Harrap Books Ltd, ISBN 0-245-54781-9
  18. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 228-229.
  19. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 252-253
  20. ^ Obituary John Quinn (Daily Telegraph, 12 June 2013)
  21. ^ Blake, George (1990). No Other Choice. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-03067-1.
  22. ^ "1966: Double-agent breaks out of jail". BBC News. 22 October 1966. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  23. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp 332-333, 339.
  24. ^ Tony Halpin (14 November 2007). [Archived 17 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine "Vladimir Putin honours traitor George Blake with tit-for-tat birthday meda"]. The Times. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  25. ^ "Double agent George Blake celebrates 90th birthday". BBC.co.uk. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  26. ^ Roger Hermiston (2013) The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, Aurum Press, London, ISBN 978-1-78131-046-5, pp xii.

Further reading

  • William Durie, " The United States Garrison Berlin 1945-1994", (Mission Accomplished, Aug 2014 ISBN 978-1-63068-540-9 (English).
  • Nigel West, Seven Spies Who Changed the World. London: Secker & Warburg, 1991 (hard cover). London: Mandarin, 1992 (paperback).
  • "Biography George Blake".
  • Sean Bourke, The Springing of George Blake. London: Cassell, 1970. ISBN 0-304-93590-5
  • Kevin O'Connor, Blake, Bourke, and the End of Empires. London: Prendeville Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-9535697-3-X
  • David Stafford, Spies Beneath Berlin. London: John Murray, 2002. ISBN 0-7195-6323-2
  • W. Durie, British Garrison Berlin 1945 -1994, No where to go", ISBN 978-3-86408-068-5
  • Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate, St. Martins' Press, 1994.
  • "1966: The Blake prison escape". libcom.org. 10 September 2006.
  • Ion Mihai Pacepa (4 December 2007). "Russian Spies of the Future". FrontPage Magazine.
  • BBC World Service radio. George Blake Escapes 24 October 2011 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00krvrd
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