Goitrogen
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Goitrogens are substances that disrupt the production of thyroid hormones by interfering with iodine uptake in the thyroid gland. This triggers the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then promotes the growth of thyroid tissue, eventually leading to goiter.[1]
Goitrogenic drugs and chemicals
Chemicals that have been shown to have goitrogenic effects include:
- Sulfadimethoxine (Albon)[2], propylthiouracil[3], potassium perchlorate[4], and iopanoic acid.[5]
- Some oxazolidines such as goitrin.[6]
- Ions such as thiocyanate[7] (from cigarette smoking for example[8]) and perchlorate decrease iodide uptake by competitive inhibition and, as a consequence of reduced thyroxine and triiodothyronine secretion by the gland, cause, at low doses, an increased release of thyrotropin (by reduced negative feedback), which then stimulates the gland.[citation needed]
- Amiodarone inhibits peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine; also interferes with thyroid hormone action.[citation needed]
- Lithium inhibits thyroid hormone release.[citation needed]
- Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin induce metabolic degradation of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).[citation needed]
Goitrogenic foods
Foods which have been demonstrated to have goitrogenic effects include Soy, Cassava (when crushed and not detoxified by soaking,[7]) vegetables in the genus Brassica (such as broccoli and cabbage),[9][page needed] and other cruciferous vegetables.[10]
See also
References
- ^ Bender, David A. (2009). "Goitrogens". A dictionary of food and nutrition (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199234875.
- ^ "Goitrogenic effects in offspring of swine fed sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in late gestation".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Rosenfeld H, Ornoy A, Shechtman S, Diav-Citrin O (2009). "Pregnancy outcome, thyroid dysfunction and fetal goitre after in utero exposure to propylthiouracil: a controlled cohort study". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 68: 609–17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03495.x. PMC 2780286. PMID 19843064.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Soldin OP, Braverman LE, Lamm SH (2001). "Perchlorate Clinical Pharmacology and Human Health: A Review". Ther Drug Monit. 23: 316–31. doi:10.1097/00007691-200108000-00002. PMC 3640367. PMID 11477312.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Andreucci M, Solomon R, Tasanarong A (2014). "Side Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Prevention". Biomed Res Int. 2014: 741018. doi:10.1155/2014/741018. PMC 4034507. PMID 24895606.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Verhoeven DT, Verhagen H, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, van Poppel G (February 1997). "A review of mechanisms underlying anticarcinogenicity by brassica vegetables". Chem. Biol. Interact. 103 (2): 79–129. doi:10.1016/S0009-2797(96)03745-3. PMID 9055870.
- ^ a b Vanderpas J (2006). "Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 26: 293–322. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810. PMID 16704348.
- ^ Erdogan MF (2003). "Thiocyanate overload and thyroid disease". BioFactors (Oxford, England) (Review). 19 (3–4): 107–11. doi:10.1002/biof.5520190302. PMID 14757960.
- ^ Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
- ^ Gaitan, Eduardo (July 1990). "Goitrogens in Food and Water". Annual Review of Nutrition. 10 (1): 21–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.10.070190.000321. PMID 1696490.