Jump to content

Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul

Coordinates: 36°20′35″N 43°7′36″E / 36.34306°N 43.12667°E / 36.34306; 43.12667
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 217.138.122.50 (talk) at 08:26, 23 June 2017 (→See also). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Nouri Mosque
جامع النوري
The minaret of the Al-Nouri mosque in 2013
Religion
AffiliationSunni Islam
ProvinceNineveh Governorate
Year consecrated1172–1173
Location
LocationMosul
Geographic coordinates36°20′35″N 43°7′36″E / 36.34306°N 43.12667°E / 36.34306; 43.12667
Architecture
StyleIslamic
Destroyed2017
Specifications
Minaret height45 metres (148 ft)
Materialsbrick, stone, hazarbaf

The Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Template:Lang-ar Jāmiʿ an-Nūrī) was a mosque in Mosul, Iraq. It was famous for its leaning minaret, which gave the city its nickname "the hunchback" (الحدباء al-Ḥadbāˈ). Tradition holds that the mosque was first built in the late 12th century, although it underwent many renovations over the years. Outlasting various hostile invading forces in its history of 850 years, it was destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) on 21 June 2017, during the Battle of Mosul.

Iraqi troops attributed ISIS as responsible for the destruction of the Great Mosque[1] in a vandalistic move to destroy it rather than let it go from their hold. It had held symbolic importance to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, as it was used in 2014 by the militants to self-declare their "caliphate". ISIS' black flag had been flying on the 45-metre minaret since June 2014, after their militants surged across Iraq and Syria, seizing vast swathes of territory, and they had promised to never let their flag be lowered from it. Contrary to official accounts and local Muslim eyewitnesses, ISIS alleged that the United States destroyed it. ISIS' claim was not substantiated.

Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi stated that the destruction of the mosque by ISIS was a "declaration of defeat",[2] and that "[b]lowing up the al-Hadba minaret and the al-Nuri mosque amounts to an official acknowledgment of defeat [by ISIS]."[3]

Construction

Tradition holds that Nur ad-Din Zangi, a Turkish atabeg of the Great Seljuk Empire and sultan of its Syrian province, built the mosque in 1172–1173, shortly before his death.[4] According to the chronicle of Ibn al-Athir, after Nur ad-Din took control of Mosul he ordered his nephew Fakhr al-Din to build the mosque:

[Nur ad-Din] rode in person to its site and viewed it. He climbed the minaret of the mosque of Abu Hadir, looked down on the site of his mosque and ordered that the neighbouring houses and shops should be added to the land that he viewed but that nothing should be taken without the willing agreement of the owners. He put the Sheikh Umar al-Malla in charge of the project, a pious and good man. The properties were purchased from their owners at most substantial prices and the construction began, on which large sums were expended. The building was completed in the year 568 [i.e. AD 1172-3].[5]

In 1511, the mosque was extensively renovated by the Safavid Empire.[citation needed]

Minaret

The minaret and mosque in 1932

The mosque was well known for its leaning minaret, known as al-Hadba’ ("the hunchback"). Grattan Geary, a 19th-century traveler, described the minaret's appearance:

It is several feet out of the perpendicular, though it starts fair from the ground, and at the top, before putting on its gallery and dome, it regains an erect posture. Its attitude is that of a man bowing.[6]

When the cylindrical minaret was built it stood 45 metres (148 ft) high, with seven bands of decorative brickwork in complex geometric patterns ascending in levels towards the top. By the time the traveler Ibn Battuta visited in the 14th century it was already listing and had acquired its nickname.[7] The design of the minaret follows a form originally developed in neighboring Iran and Central Asia and shares similarities with other minarets in northern Iraq, such as those in Mardin, Sinjar and Arbil.[8]

According to local tradition (which resolutely ignores chronology), the minaret gained its tilt after the Prophet Muhammad passed overhead while ascending to heaven. The minaret bowed itself in reverence but could only regain its balance after its top joint had been kinked in the opposite direction.[9] According to local Christian tradition, however, the mosque's tilt was due to its bowing towards the tomb of the Virgin Mary, reputedly located near Arbil.[6]

Modern history

Both the mosque and its madrasa were dismantled and reassembled in 1942 in a restoration programme undertaken by the Iraqi government.[7] The minaret remained unrestored, although attempts were made in 1981 by an Italian firm to stabilise it. The bombing of Mosul during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s broke underground pipes and caused leaks under the minaret that further undermined it. The lean later worsened by another 40 centimetres (16 in).[10]

The cause of the lean was disputed – some have blamed the prevailing wind – but local officials have attributed it to the effects of thermal expansion caused by the heat of the sun, causing bricks on the sun-facing side to expand and progressively tilt the minaret.[10] In recent years cracks proliferated along the base of the minaret, which leant nearly 3 metres (9.8 ft) off the vertical.[citation needed] It was listed by the World Monuments Fund as a site of concern due to the ongoing risk of collapse.[7]

The structure was targeted by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militants who occupied Mosul on 10 June 2014, and previously destroyed the Tomb of Jonah. However, residents of Mosul, incensed with the destruction of their cultural sites, protected the mosque by forming a human chain and forming a resistance against ISIL.[11] Rather than destroying the site, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi appeared during a Friday prayer in this mosque on 4 July 2014 to declare the formation of a new caliphate.[12]

Destruction

See also: Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL and Battle of Mosul (2016–present) § June: Battle for Central Mosul

By June 2017, the Battle of Mosul had progressed to the stage that ISIL-controlled territory in Mosul was limited to the Old City area, which included the mosque. On 21 June 2017, Iraqi government forces reported that the mosque had been blown up by ISIS forces at 9:50 PM and that the blast was indicative of bombs being deliberately placed to bring it down.[13]

ISIL's ministry of propaganda media outlet, Amaq, claimed an airstrike by the United States is responsible for the destruction, but this claim does not appear to be substantiated by any information.[2][14][4]

Iraqi forces were within 50 meters of the mosque before the explosion which appears to have been an attempt to kill members of the approaching army by members of ISIL.[4] Aerial photographs and a video of the destruction were released by the Iraqi military a few hours later.[2]

Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi stated that the destruction of the mosque was ISIS's "declaration of defeat".[15] BBC News journalist Paul Adams interpreted the mosque's destruction as ISIS's "final act of angry defiance before finally losing their grip on Mosul".[2]

References

  1. ^ CNN, Hamdi Alkhshali, Barbara Starr and Phil Gast. "US, Iraq say ISIS blew up famous Mosul mosque". CNN. Retrieved 22 June 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d "Battle for Mosul: Destruction of al-Nuri mosque 'shows IS defeated'". BBC. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  3. ^ http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/anger-after-800yearold-mosque-is-demolished-by-islamic-state/news-story/d6a71812344255455a7b6bb6132bc135
  4. ^ a b c "Iconic Grand al-Nuri mosque in Iraq's Mosul 'blown up'". Al Jazeera. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  5. ^ Richards, Donald Sidney (2008). The chronicle of Ibn al-Athı̄r for the crusading period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh: The years 541-589/1146-1193, Volume 2. Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 193.
  6. ^ a b Geary, Grattan (1878). Through Asiatic Turkey: narrative of a journey from Bombay to the Bosphorus, Volume 2. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. p. 88.
  7. ^ a b c "Al-Hadba' Minaret". World Monuments Fund. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  8. ^ Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture (Pbk. 1999. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-203-20387-3.
  9. ^ Luke, H. C. (1925). Mosul and its minorities. London: Martin Hopkinson & Co. p. 19.
  10. ^ a b Sami, Mariam (3 October 1998). "Is tower bowing or tumbling?". The Associated Press.
  11. ^ Kariml, Ammar; Mojon, Jean-Marc. 'In Mosul, resistance against ISIS rises from city’s rubble'. 31 July 2014. The Daily Star: Lebanon, retrieved 31 July 2014
  12. ^ Strange, Hannah. 'Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul'. 5 July 2014. The Daily Telegraph , retrieved 2 March 2017
  13. ^ "Destroying Great Mosque of al-Nuri 'is Isis declaring defeat'". The Guardian. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  14. ^ "Battle for Mosul: IS 'blows up' al-Nuri mosque". BBC. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  15. ^ Chulov, Martin, and Shaheen, Kareem. 'Destroying Great Mosque of al-Nuri 'is ISIS declaring defeat'. 21 June 2017. The Guardian , retrieved 21 June 2017
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri,_Mosul&oldid=787077636"