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Gynocentrism

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Gynocentrism refers to a dominant or exclusive focus on women in theory or practice; or to the advocacy of this.[1] Anything can be considered gynocentric when it is concerned exclusively with a female (or feminist) point of view.[2][3]

History

The term gynocentrism has been in use since at least 1897 when it appeared in The Open Court stating that Continental Europeans view Americans "as suffering rather from gynocentrism than anthropocentrism."[4] In 1914, author George A. Birmingham stated that "American social life seems to me gynocentric. It is arranged with a view to the convenience and delight of women. Men come in where and how they can."[5]

Beginning with second-wave feminism in the 1970s, the term gynocentrism has been used to describe difference feminism, which displayed a shift towards understanding and accepting gender differences, in contrast to equality feminism.[6]

According to University of Massachusetts philosopher Christa Hodapp, in modern men's movements gynocentrism is described as a continuation of the courtly love conventions of medieval times, wherein women were valued as a quasi-aristocratic class, and males were seen as a lower serving class. This antifeminist viewpoint describes feminism as the perpetuation of oppressive medieval conventions such as devotional chivalry and romanticized relationships, rather than as a movement towards liberation.[7]

Religious studies professors Paul Nathanson and Katherine K. Young claim that feminist calls for equality or equity are a subterfuge for gynocentrism.[8]

Etymology

The term gynocentrism is derived from ancient Greek, γυνή and κέντρον. Γυνή can be translated as woman or female,[9][10] but also as wife.[9][10] In ancient Greek compounds with γυνή, the stem γυναικ- is normally used.[10] This stem can be spotted in the genitive case γυναικός,[9] and in the older form of the nominative case γύναιξ.[9] In ancient Greek, no compounds are known to exist with γυνή that start with γυνο- or γυνω-.[10]

The ancient Greek word κέντρον can be translated as sharp point,[10] sting (of bees and wasps),[10] point of a spear[10] and stationary point of a pair of compasses,[10] with the meaning centre of a circle related to the latter.[10] The meaning centre/middle point (of a circle) is preserved in the Latin word centrum,[11][12] a loanword from ancient Greek.[11][12] The English word centre is derived from the Latin centrum.[13] The word κέντρον is derived from the verb κεντεῖν,[10][12] meaning to sting (of bees),[10] to prick,[10] to goad,[10] and to spur.[10] When trying to explain etymologically the term gynocentrism, it is important to consider the ancient Greek κέντρον, with the signification middle point/centre, and not the more obvious ancient Greek word κεντρισμός (mirroring -centrism).

Criticism

Nathanson and Young state that ideologically, the overriding focus of gynocentrism is to prioritize females hierarchically, and as a result may be interpreted as misandry (hatred of and prejudice towards men). Feminist calls for equality or even equity are often, according to them, a subterfuge for gynocentrism.[8]

They define gynocentrism as a worldview based on the implicit or explicit belief that the world revolves around women, a cultural theme that they claim has become 'de rigueur' behind the scenes in law courts and government bureaucracies, resulting in systemic discrimination against men.[14] They further state that gynocentrism is a form of essentialism – as distinct from scholarship or political activity on behalf of women- to the extent that it focuses on the innate virtues of women and the innate vices of men.[15]

Some authors make discriminations between individual gynocentric acts and events, such as Mother's Day, and the more general concept of a gynocentric culture which refers to a larger collection of culture traits that have major significance in the way people’s lives were lived.[16][self-published source]

Some post-modern feminists such as Nancy Fraser question the assumption of a stable concept of 'woman' which underlies all gynocentrism.[17] Nathanson and Young make a comparable claim that gynocentrism is a form of essentialism as distinct from scholarship or political activity on behalf of women, to the extent that it focuses on the innate virtues of women. Nathanson and Young add that "This worldview is explicitly misandric too, because it not only ignores the needs and problems of men, but also attacks men."[15]

Christina Hoff Sommers has argued that gynocentrism is anti-intellectual and holds an antagonistic view of traditional scientific and creative disciplines, dismissing many important discoveries and artistic works as masculine. Sommers also writes that the presumption of objectivity ascribed to many gynocentrist theories has stifled feminist discourse and interpretation.[18]

Feminist writer Lynda Burns emphasises that gynocentrism calls for a celebration of women's positive differences—of women's history, myths, arts and music—as opposed to an assimilationist model privileging similarity to men.[19] However observed in practice, the preeminence of women associated with gynocentric narratives is often seen as absolute: interpersonally, culturally, historically, politically, or in broader social contexts such as popular entertainment. As such, it can shade into what Rosalind Coward called "womanism...a sort of popularized version of feminism which acclaims everything women do and disparages men".[20]

The Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW) community describes themselves as a backlash against the misandry of gynocentrism.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Staff writer (2009), "Gynocentrism", in OED (ed.). Oxford English Dictionary - Vers.4.0. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199563838. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  2. ^ Staff writer (2010), "Gynocentric", in OED, ed. (2006). Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198614241. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  3. ^ Staff writer (2016). Studyguide for the Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology (Just the facts 101 textbook key facts). Facts101. Ventura, California: Academic Internet. ISBN 9781490240626.
    • The study guide for: Johnson, Allan G. (2000). The Blackwell dictionary of sociology: a user's guide to sociological language. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 9781849720564.
  4. ^ The Open Court, Volume 11 (Open Court Publishing Company, 1897)
  5. ^ George A. Birmingham, From Dublin to Chicago: Some Notes on a Tour in America (George H. Doran Company, 1914)
  6. ^ Nicholson, Linda J. (1997), "Gynocentrism: women's oppression, women's identity, and women's standpoint", in Nicholson, Linda J., ed. (1997). The second wave: a reader in feminist theory (Volume 1). New York: Routledge. pp. 147–151. ISBN 9780415917612. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  7. ^ Christa Hodapp, Men's Rights, Gender, and Social Media, Lexington Books (September 5, 2017) ISBN 1498526160
  8. ^ a b Nathanson, Paul; Young, Katherine K. (2006), "Women's rights v. human rights: the case of entitlements", in Nathanson, Paul; Young, Katherine K., eds. (2006). Legalizing misandry: from public shame to systemic discrimination against men. Montreal Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780773559998. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  9. ^ a b c d Kraus, Ludwig A. (1844). Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon (Dritte Auflage). Göttingen, Germany: Deuerlich & Dieterich. OCLC 491993305.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English lexicon / a new edition revised and augmented throughout / by Sir Henry Stuart Jones; with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie and with the co-operation of many scholars. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 630078019.
  11. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 223667500.
  12. ^ a b c Saalfeld, Günther Alexander Ernst Adolf (1884). Tensaurus Italograecus : ausführliches historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Griechischen Lehn- und Fremdwörter im Lateinischen. Wien: Druck und Verlag von Carl Gerold's Sohn, Buchhändler der Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften. OCLC 46301119.
  13. ^ Klein, Ernest (1971). A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language: Dealing with the origin of words and their sense development thus illustration the history of civilization and culture. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V. OCLC 802030047.
  14. ^ Nathanson, Paul; Young, Katherine K. (2006), "Misandry v. equality", in Nathanson, Paul; Young, Katherine K., eds. (2006). Legalizing misandry: from public shame to systemic discrimination against men. Montreal Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 309. ISBN 9780773559998. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  15. ^ a b Nathanson, Paul; Young, Katherine K. (2006), "Misandry v. equality", in Nathanson, Paul; Young, Katherine K. (eds.). Martyrs v. murderers: the Montreal massacre. Montreal Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780773559998. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  16. ^ Wright, Peter (2014), "Introduction to gynocentrism", in Wright, Peter, ed. (2014). Gynocentrism: From Feudalism to Modern Disney Princesses. Amazon Digital. p. 8. ISBN 9781520327327. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  17. ^ La Caze, Marguerite (2006), "Splitting the difference: between Young and Fraser on identity politics", in Burns, Lynda (ed.). Feminist alliances. Amsterdam New York: Rodopi. pp. 160–161. ISBN 9789042017283. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  18. ^ Hoff Sommers, Christina (1995), "Transforming the academy", in Hoff Sommers, Christina (ed.). Who stole feminism?: How women have betrayed women. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 64–73. ISBN 9780684801568. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  19. ^ La Caze, Marguerite (2006), "Splitting the difference: between Young and Fraser on identity politics", in Burns, Lynda (ed.). Feminist alliances. Amsterdam New York: Rodopi. p. 153. ISBN 9789042017283. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  20. ^ Coward, Rosalind (2000), "Introduction", in Coward, Rosalind, ed. (2000). Sacred cows: is feminism relevant to the new millennium. London: HarperCollins. p. 11. ISBN 9780006548201. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  21. ^ Articles about MGTOW:
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