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Hericium erinaceus

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For the other species named hedgehog mushroom, see Hydnum repandum.

Hericium erinaceus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Hericiaceae
Genus: Hericium
Species:
H. erinaceus
Binomial name
Hericium erinaceus
(Bull.) Persoon (1797)
Synonyms
  • Hydnum erinaceus Bull. (1781)
  • Clavaria erinaceus
  • Dryodon erinaceus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Teeth on hymenium
No distinct cap
Hymenium attachment is not applicable
Lacks a stipe
Spore print is white
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is choice

Hericium erinaceus, commonly known as lion's mane mushroom, yamabushitake, bearded tooth fungus, or bearded hedgehog,[1] is an edible mushroom belonging to the tooth fungus group.[2] Native to North America, Europe, and Asia, it can be identified by its long spines (longer than 1 centimetre or 1⁄2 inch), occurrence on hardwoods, and tendency to grow a single clump of dangling spines. The fruit bodies can be harvested for culinary use.

H. erinaceus can be mistaken for other species of Hericium, which grow across the same range. In the wild, these mushrooms are common during late summer and fall on hardwoods, particularly American beech and maple. Usually H. erinaceus is considered saprophytic, as it mostly feeds on dead trees.[3] It can also be found on living trees, so it may be a tree parasite. This could indicate an endophytic habitat.[3] Outside of cultivation, lion's mane is usually associated with a tree wound and causes a white pocket rot. Decayed tissue becomes spongy and eventually disintegrates to form a cavity. The distinctive fruiting bodies (basidiocarps) generally appear near the edges of old wounds in the fall.[4]

Description

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The fruit bodies of H. erinaceus are large, irregular bulbous tubercules. They are 5–40 centimetres (2–15+1⁄2 inches) in diameter,[5] and are dominated by crowded, hanging, spore-producing spines, which are 1–5 cm (1⁄2–2 in) long or longer.[6][7]

The hyphal system is monomitic, amyloid, and composed of thin- to thick-walled hyphae that are approximately 3–15 μm (microns) wide. The hyphae also contain clamped septa and gloeoplerous elements (filled with oily, resinous substances), which can come into the hymenium as gloeocystidia.

The basidia are 25–40 μm long and 5–7 μm wide, contain four spores each and possess a basal clamp. The white amyloid spores measure approximately 5–7 μm in length and 4–5 μm in width. The spore shape is described as subglobose to short ellipsoid and the spore surface is smooth to finely roughened.[5][6]

Development

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The fruit bodies of H. erinaceus are mainly produced annually from August to November in Europe.[8] It was observed that H. erinaceus could fruit intermittently for 20 years on the same dead tree. It is hypothesized that H. erinaceus can survive for 40 years.[5] The mating system of H. erinaceus species found in the U.S. was shown to be bifactorially heterothallic.[9]

The monokaryotic mycelium growth of H. erinaceus is slower than dikaryotic growth and only a relatively low percentage of monokaryotic cultures yield fruitbodies. Monokaryotic fruitbodies are also smaller than dikaryotic fruitbodies.[5] The monokaryotic mycelium was found to produce fusoid to subglobose chlamydospores of 6–8 x 8–10 μm size. These spores can stay viable for more than seven years and be stored under anaerobic conditions.[citation needed] Chlamydospore germination requires 30 to 52 hours, with a germination success rate of 32 to 54%.[9]

Spore production is highest at midday, relative to temperature increase and a decrease of relative humidity. Daily trends toward lower relative humidity can favor sporulation, however, levels of relative humidity that are too low do not favor high total spore production.[10]

Mycochemistry

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H. erinaceus contains diverse phytochemicals, including polysaccharides, such as β-glucan, as well as hericenones and erinacines.[3] From its essential oil, 77 aroma and flavor compounds were identified, including hexadecanoic acid (26% of total oil composition), linoleic acid (13%), phenylacetaldehyde (9%) and benzaldehyde (3%), and other oils, such as 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-ethylpyrazine and 2,6-diethylpyrazine.[11] Low concentrations of ergosterol are present.[3]

Similar species

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Similar species include Hericium americanum and Hericium coralloides.[7]

Etymology

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Both the Latin genus name Hericium and the species name erinaceus mean 'hedgehog' in Latin. This is also reflected by the German name, Igel-Stachelbart (literally, 'hedgehog goatee'), and some of its common English names, such as bearded hedgehog and hedgehog mushroom.[3] It is known in Japan as yamabushitake (Kanji: 山伏茸, Katakana: ヤマブシタケ) in reference to the yamabushi or mountain ascetics of the syncretistic religion known as Shugendo; while in Chinese it is known as hóutóugū (simplified Chinese: 猴头菇; traditional Chinese: 猴頭菇; Jyutping: hau4 tou4 gu1) meaning "monkey head mushroom", and in Europe and the United States as lion's mane.[12]

Distribution and habitat

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Hericium species can be found throughout the northern hemisphere.[3] H. erinaceus has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Its production is widespread within Asia, mostly using extensive production practices on wood logs or stumps.[3]

Despite its higher prevalence in Asia, H. erinaceus was first described scientifically in North America. Its production there occurs only on a small scale. Most of it is intensive indoor production with only a few small outdoor sites where log cultivation is practiced. Three Hericium species can be found in eastern North America, one being H. erinaceus, the other two H. americanum and H. coralloides.[13] H. erinaceus hosts in North America include maple, ash, oaks, and eucalyptus.[4] In California, lion's mane has been found on coast live oak, canyon live oak, interior live oak, California black oak, blue oak, and valley oak.[4]

Although H. erinaceus is native to Europe, it has been red listed in 13 European countries due to poor germination and establishment.[citation needed] It is able to withstand cold temperatures and frost conditions.[14]

Ecology

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Disease

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Brennandania lambi (Acari: Pygmephoroidea) is a mite pest of fungi culture in China. This mite can develop and reproduce on the mycelium of H. erinaceus. Farm hygiene and heating treatments are the most important pest management strategies that should be followed to counter this acarus.[15]

Competition with other fungi

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Hericium species are good competitors against other wood colonisers. They show the ability to maintain their place on dead wood, also when confronted with secondary colonizers such as Trametes versicolor and Stereum hirsutum.[5] Hericium erinaceus has shown to be slightly more competitive than other fungi tooth species, including Creolophus cirrhatus and Hericium coralloides.[16]

Conservation

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H. erinaceus is scarce and threatened and is one of only four fungi to have the highest level of legal protection in the UK, making both picking and sale of the fungus illegal. It was added to the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in 1998.[17]

Cultivation

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In fungi cultivation, fungal strains are analogous to plant varieties in crop breeding.[13] Fungal strains comprise clonal descendants of a single isolation from one fungal colony in a pure culture.[18] Hericium spp. grow in the wild in North America, Europe, and Asia. Although there is considerable scientific research about them, they are not commonly industrially produced. Accordingly, there are few commercially available strains in the U.S. or Europe and little or no breeding for higher yield or other favorable traits has occurred.[13] Production trials in Egypt report yields of H. erinaceus averaging at 165 g per 1 kg medium.[19]

Substrate requirements

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As a saprophyte that occurs on dead wood, H. erinaceus requires adequate substrate factors, including suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, a certain pH value and ideal carbon/nitrogen ratio.[20][21]

Many different substrates have been used to successfully cultivate this mushroom. Depending on the type of cultivation, the substrate can be either solid (artificial log) or liquid (submerged culture and deep submerged culture).

The solid substrate is most commonly a mixture of sawdust of hardwood or conifer containing different complements that may include wheat bran, wheat straw, soybean meal, corn meal, rice bran, and rice straw. For example, H. erinaceus strains grow on beech sawdust substrate enriched with wheat bran (20%), rye grain (25%), soybean meal (7%), rapeseed meal (10%), or meat-osseous flour (6%).[19]

An example of a liquid substrate composition can be glucose for the carbon source, soybean powder, corn powder, and wheat bran powder as a complex nitrogen source.[21] The pH values most suitable for the favorable growth of H. erinaceus were in the range of 5.0–9.0, with pH 6.0 as optimal.[22]

Climate requirements

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Hericium erinaceus requires a humid environment for its growth: 85 to 90% of relative humidity in the air.[5] The incubation temperature most suitable for the mycelial growth of H. erinaceus was found to be 25 °C,[22] and the optimum temperature for vegetative growth was 26 °C.[22] H. erinaceus is unable to grow with a water potential lower than -5 Mpa.[14]

Techniques

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The artificial cultivation of H. erinaceus was first reported in China in 1988.[citation needed] It is cultivated using artificial logs, bottles, and polypropylene bags. However, this type of artificial cultivation is not suitable for industrialized production due to its low yield and long cultivation cycles.[21]

Submerged culture is a type of artificial cultivation of H. erinaceus whereby the fungus is grown in a liquid medium. Using this method, a large number of mycelia can be obtained quickly.[21] Bioactive compounds can be sourced from the fruiting bodies, submerged-cultivated mycelial biomass, or liquid-cultivated broth. Growers optimize the culture medium composition to obtain simultaneously high yields of H. erinaceus mycelial biomass, exopolysaccharides, and polysaccharides.[citation needed] Submerged fermentation is preferable for the production of mycelial biomass and biologically active metabolites in order to produce a more uniform biomass and extract products.[23]

Growth regulators, such as 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and gibberellin, were observed to have an advantageous effect on spore germination.[24] Other technologies, such as red and green laser light of low intensity, stimulated spore germination as well as the vegetative growth of mycelium.[25] Argon and helium lasers also contributed to the acceleration of fruit body development by 36–51%.[5][26]

Wild strains

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Wild strains of Hericium spp. can be isolated and cultivated by first gathering fruiting bodies from fallen trees in the natural habitat. The fruiting bodies can then be opened to attain pieces of their inner spore-producing tissue. This tissue is then placed onto Petri dishes with agar to cultivate fungal colonies at 25 °C. After several transfers to new Petri dishes to verify the purity of the strain, it can be kept at −80 °C for long-term storage.[27]

Culinary

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Rock cod with grilled Hericium erinaceus

H. erinaceus produces edible fruiting bodies that are used as food and in traditional medicine.[3] H. erinaceus is common in gourmet cooking, with young specimens considered the best.[28] Alongside shiitake (Lentinus edodes) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms, H. erinaceus is used as a specialty mushroom in recipes.[27][29]

H. erinaceus fruiting bodies contain 57% carbohydrates (8% as dietary fiber), 4% fat, and 22% protein.[30]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
  2. ^ "Reforestation: Traditional Methods Have to Change". The Sierra Forest Voice. Vol. 8, no. 2. 2015. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Lion's mane mushroom". Drugs.com. 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Swiecki, Tedmund J.; Bernhardt, Elizabeth A. (2006). A Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of California Oaks. Pacific Southwest Research Station (Report). Gen. Tech Rep. PSW-GTR-197. Albany, California: U.S. Forest Service Treesearch Department. pp. 100–101. doi:10.2737/PSW-GTR-197. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Sokół, Sławomir; Golak-Siwulska, Iwona; Sobieralski, Krzysztof; Siwulski, Marek; Górka, Katarzyna (2016-01-29). "Biology, cultivation, and medicinal functions of the mushroom Hericium erinaceum". Acta Mycologica. 50 (2). doi:10.5586/am.1069. ISSN 2353-074X. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  6. ^ a b Wald, Paul; Pitkkänen, Sini; Boddy, Lynne (December 2004). "Interspecific interactions between the rare tooth fungi Creolophus cirrhatus, Hericium erinaceus and H. coralloides and other wood decay species in agar and wood". Mycological Research. 108 (12): 1447–1457. doi:10.1017/s0953756204001340. ISSN 0953-7562. PMID 15757181. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  7. ^ a b Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 280–281. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861. Archived from the original on 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  8. ^ Fraiture A, Otto P (2015). Distribution, ecology and status of 51 macromycetes in Europe: results of the ECCF Mapping Programme. European Council for the Conservation of Fungi. ISBN 978-90-823525-5-9. OCLC 922038479. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  9. ^ a b Ginns, J. (1985-09-01). "Hericium in North America: cultural characteristics and mating behavior". Canadian Journal of Botany. 63 (9): 1551–1563. doi:10.1139/b85-215. ISSN 0008-4026. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  10. ^ McCracken, F. I. (1970). "Spore Production of Hericium erinaceus". Phytopathology. 60 (11): 1639. doi:10.1094/Phyto-60-1639. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  11. ^ Miyazawa, Mitsuo; Matsuda, Naoki; Tamura, Naotaka; Ishikawa, Ryuuzou (8 December 2011). "Characteristic Flavor of Volatile Oil from Dried Fruiting Bodies of Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 20 (5): 420–423. doi:10.1080/10412905.2008.9700046. ISSN 1041-2905. S2CID 94616378. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  12. ^ "Hericium erinaceus - an overview". ScienceDirect. 2016. Archived from the original on 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  13. ^ a b c "Lion's Mane: A new candidate for profitable forest mushroom cultivation". Cornell Small Farms. 2015-04-06. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  14. ^ a b Boddy, Lynne; Crockatt, Martha E.; Ainsworth, A. Martyn (2011-04-01). "Ecology of Hericium cirrhatum, H. coralloides and H. erinaceus in the UK". Fungal Ecology. Conservation underground: Fungi in a changing world. 4 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2010.10.001. ISSN 1754-5048.
  15. ^ Wu, Jufang; Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (March 1993). "Host feeding, damage and control of the mushroom pest, Brennandania lambi (Acari: Pygmephoroidea) in China". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 17 (3): 233–240. doi:10.1007/BF00118440. ISSN 0168-8162. S2CID 22308405.
  16. ^ Wald, Paul; Pitkkänen, Sini; Boddy, Lynne (December 2004). "Interspecific interactions between the rare tooth fungi Creolophus cirrhatus, Hericium erinaceus and H. coralloides and other wood decay species in agar and wood". Mycological Research. 108 (12): 1447–1457. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001340. PMID 15757181. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  17. ^ "Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981". Archived from the original on 2023-09-20. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  18. ^ Dijkshoorn, L.; Ursing, B.M.; Ursing, J.B. (2000-05-01). "Strain, clone and species: comments on three basic concepts of bacteriology". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 49 (5): 397–401. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-49-5-397. ISSN 0022-2615. PMID 10798550.
  19. ^ a b Hassan, F.R.H (2007). "Cultivation of the Monkey Head Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) in Egypt" (PDF). Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 3 (10): 1229–1233. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  20. ^ Gonkhom, Didsanutda; Luangharn, Thatsanee; Hyde, Kevin D.; Stadler, Marc; Thongklang, Naritsada (2022-08-31). "Optimal conditions for mycelial growth of medicinal mushrooms belonging to the genus Hericium". Mycological Progress. 21 (9). doi:10.1007/s11557-022-01829-6. S2CID 251994082.
  21. ^ a b c d He, Xirui; Wang, Xiaoxiao; Fang, Jiacheng; Chang, Yu; Ning, Ning; Guo, Hao; Huang, Linhong; Huang, Xiaoqiang; Zhao, Zefeng (2017-04-01). "Structures, biological activities, and industrial applications of the polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane) mushroom: A review". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 97: 228–237. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.040. ISSN 0141-8130. PMID 28087447. Archived from the original on 2023-05-11. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  22. ^ a b c Nguyen, Bich Thuy Thi; Ngo, Nghien Xuan; Le, Ve Van; Nguyen, Luyen Thi; Tran, Anh Dong; Nguyen, Lam Hai Thi (2018-10-19). "Identification of Optimal Culture Conditions for Mycelial Growth and Cultivation of Monkey Head Mushrooms (Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: fr.) Pers)". Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1 (2): 117–126. doi:10.31817/vjas.2018.1.2.01. ISSN 2588-1299. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  23. ^ "Impact of Substrate Volume on Oyster Mushroom Fruiting Bodies Production". Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51 (2): 154–169. 2020-05-01. doi:10.21608/ajas.2020.117203. ISSN 2356-9840.
  24. ^ Zhixue, Feng; Xiwen, Liu; Lu Yaohuan (Shanxi Agricultural Univ., Taigu (China) Dept of Horticulture) (1998). "A study on the effect and mechanism of 2,4-D and gibberellin on Hericium erinaceus". Siyongjun Xuebao (China) (in Chinese). ISSN 1005-9873. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  25. ^ Poyedinok, Natalia L.; Potemkina, Janna V.; Buchalo, Asja S.; Negriyko, Anatoliy M.; Grygansky, Andriy P. (2000). "Stimulation with Low-Intensity Laser Light of Basidiospore Germination and Growth of Monokaryotic Isolates in the Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2 (4): 4. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v2.i4.140. ISSN 1521-9437. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  26. ^ Poyedinok, Natalia L.; Buchalo, Asja S.; Negriyko, Anatoliy M.; Potemkina, Janna V.; Mykchaylova, Oksana B. (2003). "The Action of Argon and Helium-Neon Laser Radiation on Growth and Fructification of Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kumm., Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer, and Hericium erinaceus(Bull.:Fr.)Pers". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 5 (3): 8. doi:10.1615/InterJMedicMush.v5.i3.70. ISSN 1521-9437. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  27. ^ a b Grace, Jeanne; Mudge, Kenneth W. (2015). "Production of Hericium sp. (Lion's Mane) mushrooms on totem logs in a forest farming system". Agroforestry Systems. 89 (3): 549–556. doi:10.1007/s10457-015-9790-1. ISSN 0167-4366. S2CID 15267536. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  28. ^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861. Archived from the original on 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  29. ^ Royse, Daniel J. (2010-07-29). "Speciality Mushrooms and Their Cultivation". Horticultural Reviews: 59–97. doi:10.1002/9780470650622.ch2. ISBN 978-0-470-65062-2. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  30. ^ Mau, Jeng-Leun; Lin, Hsiu-Ching; Ma, Jung-Tsun; Song, Si-Fu (June 2001). "Non-volatile taste components of several speciality mushrooms". Food Chemistry. 73 (4): 461–466. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00330-7. Archived from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
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