Jump to content

Hobey Baker

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Hmains (talk | contribs) at 00:56, 14 August 2011 (copyedit, links and AWB general fixes, replaced: World War One → World War I using AWB). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Hobey Baker
Hockey Hall of Fame, 1945
Born (1892-01-15)January 15, 1892
Bala Cynwyd, PA, USA
Died December 21, 1918(1918-12-21) (aged 26)
Toul, France
Height 5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Weight 160 lb (73 kg; 11 st 6 lb)
Position Rover/Right Wing
Played for St. Nicholas Club
Princeton Tigers
Playing career 1910–1916
Hobey Baker
Date of birth(1892-01-15)January 15, 1892
Place of birthBala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania
Date of deathDecember 21, 1918 (age 26)
Place of deathToul, France
Career information
Position(s)Quarterback
US collegePrinceton University

Hobart Amory Hare "Hobey" Baker (January 15, 1892 – December 21, 1918) was an American amateur athlete of the early twentieth century. Regarded as the first American star in ice hockey, he was also an accomplished football player. Born into a prominent family from Philadelphia, he enrolled at Princeton University in 1910 and excelled on both the university's hockey and football teams, and later became a noted amateur hockey player for the St. Nicholas Club in New York City. He was a member of three national championship teams, for football in 1911 and for hockey in 1912 and 1914, and helped the St. Nicholas Club win a national amateur championship in 1915. Graduating from Princeton in 1914, Baker worked for J.P. Morgan Bank until he enlisted in the United States Army Air Service. During the First World War, he served with the 103rd and the 13th Aero Squadrons before earning promotion to captain and commanding the 141st Squadron. In December 1918 Baker died when he crashed a plane he was test piloting, hours before he was to leave France and return to America.

Baker was widely regarded by his contemporaries as one of the best athletes of his time, and is still considered one of the best American hockey players. When the Hockey Hall of Fame was founded in 1945 Baker was named one of the first twelve inductees, the only American among them. In 1973 he was named in the initial class of members for the United States Hockey Hall of Fame. He was also inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1975, and is the only person to be in both the hockey and college football halls of fame.

There are several awards and honors named after Baker. In 1921 Princeton opened their hockey arena, named the Hobey Baker Memorial Rink in honor of Baker. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the governing body of college sports in the United States, introducted the Hobey Baker Award in 1980; it is awarded annually to the best collegiate hockey player. Baker's stature while at Princeton had such a profound influence on F. Scott Fitzgerald that he was included as a minor character in Fitzgerald's book This Side of Paradise.

Early life

Baker was born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, the second son of Alfred Thornton Baker, a wealthy upholsterer and Mary Augusta Pemberton, a socialite. Alfred, known as Bobby to his friends, had played halfback while a student at Princeton University in the 1880s, the same school his father had attended.[1] One of Baker's ancestors was Francis Rawle, a Quaker who immigrated to Philadelphia in 1688 and became one of the most well known and respected members of the city.[2] Baker was named after his uncle, Dr. Hobart Amory Hare, who was the obstetrician at his birth and president of the Jefferson Medical Hospital in Philadelphia.[3] At the age of 11, with Alfred and Mary's marriage in difficulties, Baker and his 12-year-old brother Thornton were sent to St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire.[4] Baker's parents divorced in 1907 and both later remarried.[5]

While at St. Paul's, Baker was first introduced to hockey.[4] Malcolm Gordon, who was one of the first people to help develop hockey in the United States, was the coach of the school team, and recognized Baker's skill; Baker was known by his classmates to be an exceptionally fast skater who nevertheless remained sophisticated on the ice. He spent nights skating on frozen ponds to improve his ability to move with the puck while not looking down. At the age of fourteen Baker was named a member of the school's varsity team, and helped St. Paul's defeat some of the best prep schools and universities in the United States.[3] In every sport he attempted, Baker soon demonstrated proficiency. His cousin said that Baker swam through water "like some sort of engine."[6] After his first attempt at golf he was able to score in the low 40's on the school's nine-hole course; similarly after using roller skates for the first time he was performing one-legged stunts within minutes. He once entered St. Paul's annual cross-country race for fun and won the race, defeating some of the school's most proficient runners. At the age of fifteen he was named the school's best athlete for his skill in hockey, football, baseball, tennis, swimming and track.[7] Most of his former classmates recalled Baker's time at St. Paul's solely by his athletic achievements.[8]

The Panic of 1907 had a severe impact on Alfred, who lost a large amount of his savings in the recession. Consequently, he could only afford to send one of his sons to university. Well aware of Baker's talents, Thornton agreed to let his younger brother continue on, an act Baker never forgot.[9] Though he was an above-average student, Baker stayed an extra year at St. Paul's in 1909 to allow his father another year to save money.[10] By the time Baker left St. Paul's his sporting achievement had helped make him one of the school's most popular students.[3]

Princeton

Baker while a member of the Princeton football team

In 1910, Baker enrolled in Princeton University. Along with six other classmates from St. Paul's, he lived at a house at 82 Nassau Street in Princeton.[11] He joined the schools hockey, football and baseball teams in his freshman year. The university's rules stated that students could only play two varsity sports, so Baker played outfield for the freshman baseball team before giving up the sport to focus on hockey and football.[9] In one of his first games with the football team he helped defeat rivals Yale University when he faked a drop-kick field goal and instead ran the ball for a touchdown.[9] Easily recognizable on the field as he was one of the few players to not wear a helmet, Baker was referred as "the blond Adonis of the gridiron" by Philadelphia sportswriters.[12] Princeton finished the 1911 season with a record of eight wins and two ties in ten games and won the national championship.[13] During a game against Yale on November 18, 1911 Baker set a school record when he had 13 punt returns for 63 yards.[14][15]

In the fall of 1911 Baker joined the hockey team, in addition to playing on the football team. During the football season he scored 92 points, a school record that would last until 1974.[16] Princeton finished the 1912 season with seven wins, one loss and one tie in nine games.[14] As the Princeton hockey team didn't have its own hockey arena, most of their home games were played in New York City at the St. Nicholas Rink, one of the only facilities in the world with artificial ice at the time.[17] They finished the 1911–12 hockey season with a record of eight wins and two losses in ten games.[18] During his sophomore year, Baker was invited to join The Ivy Club, the oldest and most prestigious of the eating clubs, a social club at the university.[19]

Baker as a member of the Princeton hockey team

Baker was named captain of the football team in 1913, his senior year. Princeton finished with a record of five wins, two losses and one tie.[14] Over his three year football career with the Tigers, Baker scored 180 points, a school record that would last until 1964 when Cosmo Iacavazzi passed the record in the final quarter of his last college game.[20] Baker caught over 900 punts in his career, and averaged 300 yards in punt returns per game.[21] He had been awarded a varsity letter in football five times; combined with the three letters he earned in hockey, his total of eight was the most that could be earned at Princeton at the time.[21]

It was during the 1913–14 hockey season, Baker's senior year, that his most famous game with Princeton took place. On January 24, 1914 Princeton played Harvard at the Boston Arena. Favored by gamblers to win the game, Princeton had a setback as two of its star players were unable to play due to injury and suspension.[22] Though he was in an opposing arena, Baker was given a standing ovation by the sold-out crowd of 6,000 when he first went out onto the ice. Throughout the game Baker kept going offside, as he was too fast for the two replacement Princeton players (hockey required players to stay behind the puck-carrier at the time).[23] Played in two twenty minute halves, the game ended regulation with a 1–1 tie, so two extra periods, lasting five minutes each, were held. This also ended with a draw, so the team captains agreed to a sudden death period.[24] Through sixty minutes of game-time, only five Harvard players and one Princeton player had been replaced by a substitute, and Baker was noted as not even breathing heavily at that point. Twenty-three minutes into sudden death, a Harvard substitute player, Leverett Saltonstall, scored the winning goal. Saltonstall, who would later serve as Governor of Massachusetts and a United States Senator, would later show off the stick he used to score the winning goal.[25] The game was the longest college hockey game played up to that point, and was regarded as one of the most exciting games in years.[26]

The final hockey game of Baker's Princeton career was at Ottawa's Dey's Arena against the University of Ottawa on February 28, 1914 for the Intercollegiate Hockey Championship of America. Ottawa defeated Princeton by a 3–2 score.[27] Princeton won the 1914 national championship after they finished with a record of ten wins and three losses.[28][18] Though statistics were not kept of his time at Princeton, Baker is estimated to have scored over 120 goals and 100 assists in three years, an average of three goals and three assists per game.[29] As well as skill, Baker was known for his sportsmanship. In a hockey game against Harvard on January 22, 1913 Baker took the only penalty of his collegiate career, for slashing; Princeton would lose the game 5–4 in overtime.[30] He also visited the dressing rooms of opponents after every game to shake hands with each player.[17]

In the spring of 1914 Baker graduated from Princeton having majored in history, politics and economics, and finished with an above average grade.[9] He was also named the school's best football player, hockey player, all-round athlete and the man who had done the most for Princeton.[31] The football team had posted a record of twenty wins, three losses and four ties in Baker's three seasons as a member; the hockey team faired equally well with a record of twenty wins and seven losses.[9] By the end of his football career at Princeton he had two notable achievements: he never fumbled a punt, and never lost to Yale.[32]

Post-university

The summer after graduation Baker toured Europe as a celebrity correspondent for The New York Times, where he wrote about events like the Henley Royal Regatta.[33] When he returned to the United States Baker, through his Princeton classmates, was given a job with Johnson & Higgins, a large insurance firm on Wall Street. Soon after, another Princeton graduate offered him a job at J.P. Morgan Bank. Hired onto a two-year trainee program, Baker earned about $20 per week.[34] Baker befriended a rich New York socialite, Percy R. Pyne II, who had attended St. Paul's and Princeton before Baker. Ten years older than Baker, they quickly became friends and Pyne allowed Baker to stay at his house at 263 Madison Avenue.[34] Pyne later introduced Baker to Jeanne Marie Scott, a socialite known as Mimi,[11] to whom Baker was briefly engaged late in 1918.[35] A quiet individual, Baker was embarrassed when bank executives brought important clients by his office to see him.[31] He quickly tired of working in an office job, and looked for ways to alleviate his boredom.[36]

Baker found enjoyment outside the office through sports. He joined the St. Nicholas Club, an amateur hockey team in New York soon after he arrived in the city, and Pyne introduced Baker to both polo and auto racing, sports he quickly mastered.[11] Baker remained well known from his time at Princeton; marquees at his home arena, which was shared with Princeton, often said "Hobey Baker Plays Tonight". This made Baker uncomfortable and he eventually asked the building manager to take down the sign.[37] Preferring a life out of the public eye, he once told a reporter that he would rather have nothing written about him. In order to leave the arena quickly after hockey games without having to deal with the public, Baker was often loaned Pyne's valet and car.[11] Baker was offered a contract by the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey Association while he was still with the St. Nicholas Club. He turned down an offer of $20,000 to play three seasons; it was against social conventions for a person of his standing to play sports for money.[38]

On March 24, 1917 Baker played his last hockey game at the Winter Garden at Exposition Hall in Pittsburgh. The game pitted an amateur all-star team from Philadelphia, led by Baker, against an all-star team from Pittsburgh's amateur leagues. The Philadelphia team defeated Pittsburgh in overtime by a score of 3-2. Baker scored all three Philadelphia goals to net a hat trick (historians and biographers had previously believed Baker's last game to played in New York City on February 22, 1917, with the St. Nicholas Skating Club).[39] Baker began to tire of playing hockey after 1915; the constant physical focus against him on the ice had taken a toll on him, and the growing professionalism of the sport went against his belief that sports should be played for the love of the game.[40]

World War One

Baker as a fighter pilot in World War One. He had three confirmed kills during the war.

Seeking more of an escape, in 1916 Baker joined the civilian aviation corps led by General Leonard Wood on Governors Island. He often went to the island late in the afternoon after he finished work for the day.[11] Baker found the same enjoyment in flying that he had in sports, but with a more serious aspect.[41] Prior to the annual Yale-Princeton football game on November 18, 1916, Baker led a squadron of twelve aircraft from two fields over Palmer Stadium, home of the Princeton football team. While in the area the planes performed several maneuvers to the delight of the crowd, which at the time was the largest amount of aircraft to fly in military formation.[42] When Baker landed his plane on the field, he also became the first person to reach a football game by air.[43]

The entry of the United States into World War I excited Baker, finally giving him a purpose in life and allowing him to make good use of his pilot training. He was among the first Americans to sail for Europe, leaving the United States on August 23, 1917.[44] Though eager to join the front immediately, Baker was told that he had to be certified by the French. Success in the courses was dependent on how quickly one learned French, the predominant language of instruction.[45] Though he managed to complete all the courses easily, Baker was discouraged to be sent to a school in England for training and then back to France to teach Americans what he had learned in England, in an attempt to create pilots as quickly as possible.[46] Owing to a lack of aircraft supplies, Baker was stuck in Paris, and doubted he would ever get to the front. While in Paris, he was happy to continue seeing Mimi Scott, who had enlisted as a nurse and worked at a hospital in France.[47]

Promoted to lieutenant in March 1918,[30] Baker was finally sent to the front in April and assigned to the 103rd Aero Squadron, formed from former members of the Lafayette Escadrille and Lafayette Flying Corps in January 1918.[48] On May 21 Baker helped to bring down enemy plane for the first time, although a complicated system of confirming kills meant he was not given credit for it.[49] In a letter home describing the battle, Baker said it was the "biggest thrill [he] ever had in [his] life," and compared it to the feeling after a big sports game.[50] Throughout the spring of 1918 Baker continued to lead planes over the front, and continued to see Scott although his concerns over the financial disparity between them meant he had growing reservations over their future together.[51] After his first confirmed kill in May 1918, the French government awarded him the Croix de Guerre.[52]

During the summer, Baker was transferred to the 13th Bomb Squadron after its commander, Charles Biddle, requested Baker join the squadron as a flight commander.[53] Though reluctant to leave the 103rd, Baker felt that Biddle would not have requested him without confidence in his abilities. On July 20, the 13th Squadron recorded its first confirmed kill during a flight led by Baker; he and two other men shot down a German plane.[54] In August, Baker and another pilot were promoted and given command of their own squadron; Baker was sent away from the front and given charge of the 141st Squadron, composed of 26 pilots and 180 enlisted men stationed behind the front line, where they had to wait for equipment to arrive before leaving for the front.[54]

Various delays in the arrival of planes and equipment meant that Baker's squadron was unable to participate in the final major offensives of the war.[55] While behind the front in September, Baker became engaged to Scott. He asked Pyne to sell a bond to pay for an engagement ring, and the newspapers in the United States carried headlines announcing the engagement.[55] Early in October, Baker was promoted again and given the rank of captain.[30] The planes and equipment arrived for his squadron soon after. In honour of Princeton, Baker had the planes painted black and orange and had a tiger for the squadron insignia.[52] Baker recorded two more kills in early November, the final kills of his career (despite reports at the time of his death, Baker was not an ace, as that required five confirmed kills).[52][56]

Around the time of the Armistice which ended the war, Baker's engagment with Scott was broken off; Scott then began a relationship with an American diplomat in Paris, Philander Cable.[57] These two events gave Baker a lack of direction in his life; he dreaded going back to work in an office, considering himself a sportsman rather than a businessman.[11] Though he was scheduled to return to the United States in December, Baker requested and was refused an extension of his time in France.[58]

Death

Baker's grave in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, has become a shrine for local ice hockey players, with flags, pucks and a champagne bottle present on a 2011 visit.

On December 21 Baker received his orders to return to the United States.[52] Reluctant to leave France and return to his life in America, Baker decided to take a final flight at his squadron's airfield in Toul.[11] This went against tradition and superstition for pilots, as a final flight was usually fatal. Baker ignored protests, citing his rank as commanding officer.[11] As he went for his own plane, the mechanic brought out a different one which had recently been repaired and needed a test flight. The other pilots argued with Baker, but he explained that as commanding officer he could not let anyone else test the plane.[58]

In heavy rain, Baker took off and began to level off at 600 feet. A quarter of a mile into the flight, the engine failed. The model of plane Baker was flying was easy to crash-land if necessary; Baker had done this previously, resulting in a few broken ribs.[59] However, on this flight Baker decided to attempt to land the plane at the airbase, which was made difficult by his lack of altitude, a requirement to glide the plane into the hanger.[60] A few hundred yards from the airfield, his plane crashed nose first into the ground. He was quickly freed from the plane by his men, but died in an ambulance minutes later.[60] After he died his orders to return home were found in his jacket pocket.[61]

Though it was written in newspapers that Baker had died as a result of engine failure, reports began circulating that it was not an accident.[60] People who knew Baker were aware of his reluctance to return to a civilian life and his feelings over the loss of Scott.[62] Though he could have returned to America and played professional sports, earning far more money than his finance job, his upbringing prevented him from doing so.[63] A future of working in business did not appeal to Baker; during a weekend vacation with a fellow Princeton graduate, Baker told him that his life was over and he would never again experience the thrills of football or hockey.[64]

Initially Baker was buried in a small military cemetery near Toul, but in 1921 his mother had his remains moved to her family plot in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.[65]

Legacy

"You seemed winged, even as a lad,
With that swift look of those who know the sky,
It was no blundering fate that stooped and bade
You break your wings, and fall to earth and die,
I think some day you may have flown too high,
So that immortals saw you and were glad,
Watching the beauty of your spirits flame,
Until they loved and called you, and you came."

Inscription on Baker's tombstone.[66]

Baker is not only considered one of the greatest ice hockey players of his era, but is also regarded as the first great American hockey player.[67] In 1945 he was one of the first twelve players inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, the first American to be so honored, and was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame as one of its charter members in 1973. In 1975, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the only person in both the College Football and Hockey Halls of Fame. Baker was also inducted into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame in 2010.[2]

His popularity as an athlete meant that when he enlisted with the military, so many Princeton athletes followed his lead that the school had to cancel their hockey team for the 1917–18 season; all five starting players enlisted in the armed forces. Of the eleven players on the team the previous season, nine enlisted shortly after Baker.[68]

Baker was also the inspiration for literary works. In his senior year at Princeton, F. Scott Fitzgerald enrolled at the university as a freshman. While they only spoke to each other once during their time together at Princeton, Fitzgerald idolized Baker.[16] His first novel, This Side of Paradise has several references to Baker: the main character is named Amory Blaine after Baker's middle name, and the minor character Allenby is Baker himself.[69] Mark Goodman's 1985 novel, Hurrah for the Next Man Who Dies is a fictionalized account of Baker's life.[16]

Honors were also bestowed on Baker. General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces, posthumously cited Baker on March 27, 1919 for exceptional bravery in regards to his actions on May 21, 1918, when he brought down his first plane.[70] The Hobey Baker Award was established in 1981 and is awarded annually to the best player in NCAA hockey.[71] Another award, the Hobey Baker Legends of College Hockey Award, was also created that year and is given out to the "all-time great contributors to the game of college hockey" each year.[72] Since 1950 Princeton has awarded the Hobey Baker Trophy to the "freshman hockey player who, among his classmates, in play, sportsmanship and influence has contributed most to the sport."[73] In 1921 Princeton opened their hockey arena; it was named the Hobey Baker Memorial Rink in honor of Baker.[74] At St. Paul's, hockey players compete for an award known as Hobey's Stick.[67] Inside the bar of the Nassau Inn in Princeton is a photo of Baker flanked by two other famous Princeton athletes, Bill Bradley and Dick Kazmaier. The Ivy Club, where Baker was a member, has a painting of him in the living room.[60]

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

    Regular season   Playoffs
Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM
1906–07 St. Paul's School High School — — — — — — — — — —
1907–08 St. Paul's School High School — — — — — — — — — —
1908–09 St. Paul's School High School — — — — — — — — — —
1909–10 St. Paul's School High School — — — — — — — — — —
1911–12 Princeton Tigers Ivy League — — — — — — — — — —
1912–13 Princeton Tigers Ivy League — — — — — — — — — —
1913–14 Princeton Tigers Ivy League 11 12 0 12 2 — — — — —
1914–15 St. Nicholas Club AAHL 8 17 0 17 — — — — — —
1915–16 St. Nicholas Club AAHL 7 9 0 9 — 3 1 0 1 —
AAHL totals 15 26 0 26 — 3 1 0 1 —

Statistics from Total Hockey, Diamond 2002, p. 616

Awards

AAHL

Award Year(s)
First All-Star Team 1915, 1916[75]

NHL

Award Year(s)
Lester Patrick Trophy 1987 (Posthumous)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 2
  2. ^ a b Fitzpatrick 2010, p. 1.
  3. ^ a b c Fimrite 1991, p. 2.
  4. ^ a b Falla 2008, p. 200
  5. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 6
  6. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 9
  7. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 16
  8. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 10
  9. ^ a b c d e Fimrite 1991, p. 3.
  10. ^ Salvini 2005, pp. 15–16
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Fimrite 1991, p. 4.
  12. ^ Fitzpatrick 2010, p. 2.
  13. ^ Falla 2008, p. 202
  14. ^ a b c College Football Hall of Fame 2010.
  15. ^ Princeton Tigers Football Record Book 2010, p. 41.
  16. ^ a b c Fimrite 1991, p. 1.
  17. ^ a b Fitzgerald 2010, p. 2.
  18. ^ a b Princeton Tigers Hockey Record Book 2010, p. 14.
  19. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 22
  20. ^ Salvini 2005, pp. 49–50
  21. ^ a b Salvini 2005, p. 49
  22. ^ Salvini 2005, pp. 57–58
  23. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 58
  24. ^ Salvini 2005, pp. 58–59
  25. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 59
  26. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 57
  27. ^ McKinley 2000, pp. 101–102
  28. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 60
  29. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 61
  30. ^ a b c Providence News 1918, p. 8.
  31. ^ a b McKinley 2000, p. 102
  32. ^ McKinley 2000, p. 100
  33. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 63
  34. ^ a b Salvini 2005, p. 64
  35. ^ Falla 2008, p. 206
  36. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 84
  37. ^ Falla 2008, p. 204
  38. ^ Falla 2008, p. 205
  39. ^ Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 2010, p. 1.
  40. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 78
  41. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 85
  42. ^ Salvini 2005, pp. 85–86
  43. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 86
  44. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 90
  45. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 95
  46. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 98
  47. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 100
  48. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 101
  49. ^ Salvini 2005, pp. 105–106
  50. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 106
  51. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 107
  52. ^ a b c d McKinley 2000, p. 103
  53. ^ Salvini 2005, pp. 107–108
  54. ^ a b Salvini 2005, p. 108
  55. ^ a b Salvini 2005, p. 109
  56. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 110
  57. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 111
  58. ^ a b McKinley 2000, p. 104
  59. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 115
  60. ^ a b c d Fimrite 1991, p. 5.
  61. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 116
  62. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 117
  63. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 118
  64. ^ Salvini 2005, pp. 118–119
  65. ^ Falla 2008, pp. 217–218
  66. ^ Falla 2008, p. 218
  67. ^ a b Hockey Hall of Fame 2010.
  68. ^ Daily Times 1917, p. 1.
  69. ^ Falla 2008, p. 203
  70. ^ Salvini 2005, p. 112
  71. ^ Falla 2008, p. 199
  72. ^ Hobey Baker Memorial Award Foundation 2010.
  73. ^ Princeton Tigers Hockey Record Book 2010, p. 11.
  74. ^ Princeton Athletic Communications 2006.
  75. ^ Diamond 2002, p. 616

References

  • College Football Hall of Fame (2010), "Hobey Baker Page", CollegeFootball.org, retrieved 2010-11-19{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Daily Times (1917-11-23), "Hobey Baker Inspires Tiger Hockey Stars to Become Aviators", St. Petersburg Daily Times, St. Petersburg, Florida{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Diamond, Dan, ed. (2002), Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Hockey League, Second Edition, New York: Total Sports Publishing, ISBN 1-894963-16-4
  • Falla, Jack (2008), Open Ice: Reflections and Confessions of a Hockey Lifer, Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd., ISBN 978-0-471-15305-5 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  • Fimrite, Ron (1991-03-18), "A Flame That Burned Too Brightly", SportsIllustrated.com, retrieved 2010-07-23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Fitzpatrick, Fritz (2010-11-11), "Hobey Baker: Amateur star, war hero, and now Philadelphia Sports Hall of Famer", Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Hobey Baker Memorial Award Foundation (2010), "Legends of College Hockey", HobeyBakerAward.com, retrieved 2010-11-07{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Hockey Hall of Fame (2010), "Hobey Baker Page", LegendsofHockey.net, retrieved 2010-07-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • McKinley, Michael (2000), Putting a Roof on Winter: Hockey's Rise from Sport to Spectacle, Vancouver: Greystone Books, ISBN 1-55054-798-4
  • Princeton Athletic Communications (2006-06-18), "Baker Rink", GoPrincetonTigers.com, retrieved 2010-11-07{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Princeton University (2010), "Princeton University Football Record Book" (PDF), GoPrincetonTigers.com, retrieved 2010-11-07
  • Princeton University (2010), "Princeton University Men's Hockey Record Book" (PDF), GoPrincetonTigers.com, retrieved 2010-11-07
  • Salvini, Emil R. (2005), Hobey Baker: American Legend, St. Paul, Minnesota: Hobey Baker Memorial Foundation, ISBN 978-0-976-34530-5
  • Providence News (1918-12-27), "Hobey Baker's Brilliant Career in College Sports", Providence News, Providence, Rhode Island{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (2010-12-27), "Hobey Baker, early American hockey star, has Pittsburgh ties", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hobey Baker.

Template:2010 Philadelphia Sports HOF

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hobey_Baker&oldid=444724827"