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Hortense de Beauharnais

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Hortense de Beauharnais
Duchess of Saint-Leu
Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland
Queen consort of Holland
Tenure5 June 1806 – 1 July 1810
Born10 April 1783
Paris, France
Died5 October 1837 (aged 54)
Arenenberg, Thurgau, Switzerland
Burial
St Pierre-St Paul Church,
Rueil-Malmaison, France
SpouseLouis I of Holland
IssueNapoleon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland
Louis II of Holland
Napoleon III of France
Charles de Morny, 1st Duke of Morny (illegitimate)
HouseBeauharnais
FatherAlexandre de Beauharnais
MotherJoséphine de Beauharnais
ReligionRoman Catholicism
Royal styles of
Queen Hortense of Holland
Reference styleHer Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty
Alternative styleMa'am

Hortense Eugénie Cécile Bonaparte (French pronunciation: [ɔʁtɑ̃s øʒeni sesil bɔnapaʁt]) (née de Beauharnais, pronounced [də boaʁnɛ]) (10 April 1783 – 5 October 1837), Queen consort of Holland, was the stepdaughter of Emperor Napoleon I, being the daughter of his first wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais. She later became the wife of the former's brother, Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, and the mother of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French. She had also an illegitimate son, Charles de Morny, 1st Duke of Morny, by her lover Charles Joseph, comte de Flahaut.

Early life

Hortense was born in Paris, France on 10 April 1783, the daughter of Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais and Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie. Her parents separated shortly after her birth. Her father was executed on 23 July 1794, at the time of the French Revolution, a few days before the end of the Reign of Terror. Her mother was imprisoned in the Carmelites prison, from which she was released on 6 August 1794, thanks to the intervention of her best friend Thérèse Tallien. Two years later, her mother married Napoleon Bonaparte.

Hortense was described as having been an amusing and pretty child with long, pale golden-blonde hair and blue eyes.[1] She received her education at the school of Madame Jeanne Campan in St-Germain-en-Laye together with Napoleon's youngest sister Caroline Bonaparte, who later married Joachim Murat.[1] She had an elder brother, Eugène de Beauharnais. Hortense was an accomplished amateur musical composer and supplied the army of her stepfather with rousing marches, including Partant pour la Syrie. She also enjoyed playing games and particularly excelled at billiards.[2]

Marriage

In 1802, at Napoleon's request, Hortense married his brother Louis Bonaparte. The couple had three sons:

Queen of Holland (1806–1810)

See also: List of Dutch consorts

In 1806, Napoleon appointed his brother Louis to be the King of Holland, and Hortense accompanied her husband to The Hague. Hortense's negativity towards being appointed Queen of Holland was twofold: First, it was necessary for her to move there with Louis, with whom she did not get along, and second, she had to leave her life as a celebrated member of Parisian society. She had hoped to be "a Queen of Holland in Paris", but Napoleon did not agree. She was therefore forced to depart with Louis to the Netherlands, where she arrived on 18 June 1806.

Royal Monogram

Queen Hortense was pleasantly surprised [3] by the warm welcome from the public. She quickly became accustomed to life in the Netherlands and came to like the country. She was present at official celebrations and ceremonies, visited the market places where she made large purchases, and was much liked by the public, which annoyed her husband. She learned water colour painting and made trips around the countryside. Nevertheless, she hated her stay there because of her bad relationship with Louis: The couple lived in different parts of the palace and avoided each other at every opportunity, with Hortense describing herself as a prisoner.[3] In 1807, her son died; she was subsequently allowed to visit France as the climate there was considered better for her other son Louis-Napoléon. She remained in France, again pleased by her status as queen at the French court, until 1810, when Napoleon forced her to return to the Netherlands at his new wedding—he did not consider it suitable to have the daughter of his former spouse at court. Hortense returned temporarily to the Netherlands, but on 1 June 1810, she was allowed to leave again on the pretext of her health.

In 1810, after his Dutch kingdom was taken away from him, Louis remained in Holland for nearly three years, turning to writing and poetry. Louis wrote to Napoleon after the latter's defeat in Russia to request that the Dutch throne be restored to him. However, Napoleon refused. Louis finally returned to France in 1813. He spent much of his later life in Italy.

Illegitimate son

Portrait of Hortense painted by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson, 1808

Hortense was now free to respond to the romantic overtures of the man whom she had long admired, Colonel Charles Joseph, Comte de Flahaut, a sophisticated, handsome man rumoured to be the illegitimate son of Talleyrand.[4] They soon became lovers. In 1811, at an unspecified inn in Switzerland, close to Lake Geneva, Hortense secretly gave birth to a son by de Flahaut,

Only her brother Eugène, Adélaïde Filleul de Souza, de Flahaut's mother, and her closest companions were aware of her pregnancy and the subsequent birth. She had used poor health to explain her prolonged visit to Switzerland, the journey having been arranged by Adélaïde. Hortense cleverly disguised her pregnancy (she was by then, in her sixth month), during the baptism of Napoleon's son, Napoleon II when she was chosen to be one of the child's godmothers, an honour she shared with Madame Mère, mother of the Emperor.

Later years

Arenenberg

At the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Hortense received the protection of Alexander I of Russia. At his instigation, she was granted the title of Duchess of Saint-Leu (duchesse de Saint-Leu) by King Louis XVIII on 30 May 1814.[5][6] During the Hundred Days, however, Hortense supported her stepfather and brother-in-law Napoleon. This led to her banishment from France after his final defeat. She traveled in Germany and Italy before purchasing the Château of Arenenberg in the Swiss canton of Thurgau in 1817. She lived there until her death on 5 October 1837, at the age of fifty-four. She is buried next to her mother Joséphine in the Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul church in Rueil-Malmaison.

A portrait of Hortense hangs at Ash Lawn-Highland, the Virginia plantation home of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States. It was one of three portraits given by Hortense to Monroe's daughter Eliza, who went to school with Hortense in France. (The other two portraits are of Hortense's brother Eugène de Beauharnais and of Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, the headmistress of the school attended by Hortense and Eliza.) Eliza's daughter, Hortensia Monroe Hay was named in honour of Hortense.

Titles and styles

  • 10 April 1783 - 4 January 1802: Miss Hortense de Beauharnais
  • 4 January 1802 - 18 May 1804: Mrs Louis Bonaparte
  • 18 May 1804 - 5 June 1806: Her Imperial Highness French Princess Louis Bonaparte
  • 5 June 1806 - 1 July 1810: Her Majesty The Queen of Holland
  • 5 July 1810 - 22 June 1815: Her Imperial Highness French Princess Louis Bonaparte
  • 22 June 1815 - 5 October 1837: The Countess of Saint-Leu

Ancestry

Family of Hortense de Beauharnais
16. François de Beauharnais, seigneur de La Boische
8. Claude de Beauharnais, comte des Roches-Baritaud
17. Marguerite Françoise de Pyvart de Chastillé
4. François de Beauharnais, marquis de la Ferté-Beauharnais
18. Pierre Hardouineau, seigneur de La Laudanière
9. Renée Hardouineau de Laudanière
19. Renée Le Pays de Beauville
2. Alexandre, vicomte de Beauharnais
20. Jacques Pyvart de Chastullé
10. François-Louis de Pyvart de Chastullé
21. Madeleine de Beauchesne
5. Marie Anne Henriette Françoise de Pyvart de Chastullé
22. Pierre Hardouineau, seigneur de La Laudanière
11. Jeanne Hardouineau de Laudanière
23. Renée Le Pays de Beauville
1. Hortense de Beauharnais
24. Gaspard de Tascher, seigneur de la Pagerie
12. Gaspard Joseph Tascher de la Pagerie
25. Edmée Henriette Madeleine du Plessis de Savonnières
6. Joseph-Gaspard Tascher de la Pagerie
26. François Bourreau, seigneur de la Chevalerie
13. Françoise Bourreau de la Chevalerie
27. Marie Thérèse Jaham des Prés
3. Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie
28. Joseph des Vergers de Sablons
14. Joseph François des Vergers de Sannois
29. Élisabeth de Maigne du Plat
7. Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois
30. Anthony Brown
15. Catherine Marie Brown
31. Catherine des Vergers de Sannois

See also

References

  1. ^ a b >Epton, Nina (1975). Josephine: The Empress and Her Children. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.51
  2. ^ Epton, pp.99-100
  3. ^ a b "Hortense Eugénie de Beauharnais (1783-1837)" (in Dutch). Inghist.nl. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  4. ^ Mossiker, Frances, Napoleon and Josephine: The Biography of a Marriage, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1964, p. 347, ISBN 1-199-38078-4 ISBN 978-1199380784
  5. ^ Bonnet, Jules (1864). Mes souvenirs du barreau depuis 1804 (in French). Paris: Durand. p. 22.
  6. ^ van Scheelten, W. F. (1833). Mémoires sur la Reine Hortense, aujourd'hui Duchesse de Saint-Leu. Canel. p. 230.

Further reading

  • Epton, Nina (1976). Josephine: The Empress and her Children. London: Norton. ISBN 0-393-07500-1.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hortense de Beauharnais.
Hortense de Beauharnais
Born: 10 April 1783 Died: 5 October 1837
Dutch royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
as Consort of the Austrian Netherlands 		Queen consort of Holland
5 June 1806 – 1 July 1810 		Vacant
Title next held by
Wilhelmine of Prussia
as Queen of the Netherlands
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