Islamabad–New Delhi hotline
The Islamabad—New Delhi hotline is a system that allows direct communication between the leaders of India and Pakistan. The hotline, according to the media sources, was established in 1971, shortly after the end of the 1971 war.[1][2] The hotline linked the Prime minister Secretariat in Islamabad via Directorate-General of Military Operations (DGMO) to Secretariat Building in New Delhi.
The hotline has seldom been used by the military leadership of India and Pakistan, even at the time of an escalation of tension. It is also called Hotline Linkage.[1] In regard to the Moscow–Washington hotline model, the hotline serves the purpose, as both technological and strategic rationale, for establishing the link between two countries.[1] The Islamabad–Delhi hotline is a secure communication link over which many procedural operations are obtained in different formats.
History
According to the Indian media sources, the hotline was established by the governments of India and Pakistan shortly after the end of the 1971 war. The foreign ministries of India and Pakistan signed the mutual agreement for the implementation of the hotline.[3] The hotline was modeled directly on the Moscow–Washington hotline which was established in 1963.[1] The hotline became operational in the 1970s after both countries' foreign ministries transmitted the messages.[1]
The first usage of the hotline was in 1991 between the militaries of India and Pakistan to work on confidence-building measures.[2] The second usage of the hotline was in 1997, when both countries informed each other on trade issues.[2] In 1998, when both countries had publicly conducted nuclear tests, the hotline was extensively used between the leaders of both countries.[4] Since 2005, the hotline is used by each country to inform their nuclear missile tests in the region.[5]
Other hotlines
There are other hotlines for issues involving terrorism (established in 2011),[6] cyber warfare and record communications on prevention of nuclear risk. The nuclear hotline was set up on 20 June 2004, which was initiated by President Pervez Musharraf with the assistance of United States military officers (as advisors) in his regime.[7]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Ahmar, edited by Moonis (2001). The challenge of confidence-building measures in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand. ISBN 8124108404.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ a b c Malhotra, Jyoti (October 24, 1998). "The hotline that has cooled Indo-Pak pressures". Express India, 1998. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ editor, Janne E. Nolan, (1994). Cooperation and security in the 21st century. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. ISBN 0815760981.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Thorpe, Edgar; Thorpe, Showick. The Pearson General Knowledge Manual (10th ed.). New Delhi: Pearson. ISBN 8131761908.
- ^ AsiaNews/Agencies (August 11, 2005). "India and Pakistan: A hotline against nuclear risk". Asia News. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ Dean Nelson, New Delhi (29 Mar 2011). "India and Pakistan to establish counter-terrorism hotline". Telegraph, Uk. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ The Independent—Monday, June 21, 2004--"India and Pakistan to Have Nuclear Hotline":
