Jean Gaston Darboux
Jean-Gaston Darboux | |
|---|---|
 Jean-Gaston Darboux | |
| Born | 14 August 1842 |
| Died | 23 February 1917 (aged 74) Paris, France |
| Alma mater | Ecole Normale Supérieure (in Paris) |
| Awards | Sylvester Medal (1916) ForMemRS (1902) Poncelet Prize (1875) |
| Scientific career | |
| Thesis | Sur les surfaces orthogonales (1866) |
| Doctoral advisor | Michel Chasles[1] |
| Doctoral students | Émile Borel Élie Cartan Édouard Goursat Émile Picard Thomas Stieltjes Gheorghe Țițeica Stanisław Zaremba |
Jean-Gaston Darboux FAS MIF FRS FRSE (14 August 1842 – 23 February 1917) was a French mathematician.[2]
Life
According to his birth certificate, he was born in Nîmes in France on 14 August 1842, at 1 am. However, probably due to the midnight birth, Darboux himself usually reported his own birthday as 13 August, e.g. in his filled form for Légion d'Honneur.
His parents were François Darboux, businessman of mercery, and Alix Gourdoux. The father died when Gaston was 7. His mother undertook the mercery business with great courage, and insisted that her children receive good education. Gaston had a younger brother, Louis, who taught mathematics at the Lycée Nîmes for almost his entire life.[3]
He studied at the Nîmes Lycée and the Montpellier Lycée before being accepted as the top qualifier at the École normale supérieure in 1861,[4] and received his PhD there in 1866. His thesis, written under the direction of Michel Chasles, was titled Sur les surfaces orthogonales. During his studies at the ENS, he also took lectures in Sorbonne University and Collège de France.
In 1870, he co-founded the journal Bulletin des sciences mathématiques et astronomiques, called "Darboux's Journal" by his contemporary mathematicians. The editorial board was also formed by the mathematicians Paul Émile Appell, Émile Borel, Jacques Hadamard and Amedeo Guillet, with Darboux in the role of President. The publishing house was the Henry Gauthier-Villars et Cle Éditeurs, located in Paris.[5]
In 1872, Darboux married the Beauvaisian milliner Amélie Célina Carbonnier (1848-1911), daughter of Charles Louis Carbonnier, tailor, and Marie Victorine Anastase Hènocq. He and Célina had two children, Jean-Gaston (1870-1921), who was born at the time of the Siege of Paris and later became a marine zoologist at the Faculty of Science in Marseille, and Anaïs Berthe Lucie (1873-1970).[6]
He participated in the foundation of the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles in 1880, an institute that aimed at training female educators and ran parallel to the École normale supérieure on rue d'Ulm. Its first director was Julie Favre.[7]
In 1884, Darboux was elected to the Académie des Sciences.
Darboux made several important contributions to geometry and mathematical analysis (see, for example, linear PDEs). He was a biographer of Henri Poincaré and he edited the Selected Works of Joseph Fourier.
Among his students were Émile Borel, Élie Cartan, Édouard Goursat, Émile Picard, Gheorghe Țițeica and Stanisław Zaremba.
In 1900, he was appointed the Academy's permanent secretary of its Mathematics section.
In 1902, he was elected to the Royal Society and the American Philosophical Society;[8] in 1916, he received the Sylvester Medal from the Society. In 1908, he was a plenary speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Rome.[9] He continued to contribute to the French Bulletin des sciences mathématiques, even after 1916.[5]
Named in his honour
There are many things named after him:
- Darboux basis
- Darboux chart
- Darboux cubic[10]
- Darboux derivative
- Darboux equation
- Darboux frame
- Darboux integral
- Darboux net invariants
- Darboux[11] or Goursat problem[12]
- Darboux transformation
- Darboux vector[13]
- Darboux's problem
- Darboux's theorem in symplectic geometry
- Darboux's theorem in real analysis, related to the intermediate value theorem
- Darboux's formula[14]
- Christoffel–Darboux identity[15]
- Christoffel–Darboux formula[16]
- Euler–Darboux equation[17]
- Darboux–Froda's theorem
- Euler–Poisson–Darboux equation[18]
- Laplace–Darboux transformations
Work
Papers and essays (incomplete list)
- 1870. Sur les équations aux dérivées partielles du second ordre Annales scientifiques de l’É.N.S. 1re série, tome 7 (1870), p. 163-173
- 1871. Sur la représentation des surfaces algébriques Bulletin des sciences mathématiques et astronomiques, tome 2 (1871), p. 155-158
- 1872. Mémoire sur les surfaces cyclides Annales scientifiques de l’É.N.S. 2e série, tome 1 (1872), p. 273-292
- 1872. Sur les relations entre les groupes de points, de cercles et de sphères dans le plan et dans l’espace Annales scientifiques de l’É.N.S. 2e série, tome 1 (1872), p. 323-392
- 1872. Sur un théorème relatif à la continuité des fonctions Bulletin des sciences mathématiques et astronomiques, tome 3 (1872), p. 307-313
- 1875. Mémoire sur les fonctions discontinues Annales scientifiques de l’É.N.S. 2e série, tome 4 (1875), p. 57-112. In it were introduced the Darboux integral (based on the limit of upper and lower integrals) and Darboux's theorem in analysis.
- 1875. Sur la composition des forces en statique Bulletin des sciences mathématiques et astronomiques, tome 9 (1875), p. 281-288
- 1890. Sur le déplacement d’une figure invariable Annales scientifiques de l’É.N.S. 3e série, tome 7 (1890), p. 323-326
Books
1873. Sur une classe remarquable de courbes et de surfaces algébriques et sur la théorie des imaginaires. Gauthier-Villars.
Darboux's contribution to the differential geometry of surfaces appears in the four-volume collection of studies he published between 1887 and 1896; see links below for access to these texts.
1887–96. Leçons sur la théorie générale des surfaces et les applications géométriques du calcul infinitésimal. Gauthier-Villars:
- Vol. 1. The Darboux frame is introduced in Section 4 of this volume.
- Vol. 2.
- Vol. 3.
- Vol. 4.
1898. Leçons sur les systèmes orthogonaux et les coordonnées curvilignes. Tome I. Gauthier-Villars.[19]
See also
Notes
- ^ Jean Gaston Darboux at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- ^ Eisenhart, Luther P. (1918). "Darboux's contribution to geometry". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 24 (5): 227–237. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1918-03052-8. MR 1560051.
- ^ "Enfance des célébrités contemporains: Gaston Darboux". March 1913.
- ^ "Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
- ^ a b Bulletin des sciences mathématiques (in French). Paris: Gauthiers et Villars Cle, Éditeurs. 1916. p. 7.
- ^ Roland Brasseur – Dictionnaire des professeurs de mathématiques en classe de mathématiques spéciales – 7 mai 2015 https://pdfkul.com/darboux-rb-dico-prof-spes-20150507pdf_59d309be1723dde389357150.html
- ^ Biographie de Gaston Darboux by Marianne Durand at Lycée Professionnel Gaston Darboux https://www.lyc-darboux-nimes.ac-montpellier.fr/l-etablissement-en-pratique/biographie-de-gaston-darboux Archived 2020-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "ICM Plenary and Invited Speakers since 1897". International Congress of Mathematicians. Archived from the original on 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
- ^ Darboux Cubic -- from Wolfram MathWorld at mathworld.wolfram.com
- ^ Darboux Problem -- from Wolfram MathWorld at mathworld.wolfram.com
- ^ Goursat Problem -- from Wolfram MathWorld at mathworld.wolfram.com
- ^ Darboux Vector -- from Wolfram MathWorld at mathworld.wolfram.com
- ^ Darboux's Formula -- from Wolfram MathWorld at mathworld.wolfram.com
- ^ Christoffel-Darboux Identity -- from Wolfram MathWorld at mathworld.wolfram.com
- ^ Christoffel-Darboux Formula -- from Wolfram MathWorld at mathworld.wolfram.com
- ^ Euler-Darboux Equation -- from Wolfram MathWorld at mathworld.wolfram.com
- ^ Euler-Poisson-Darboux Equation -- from Wolfram MathWorld at mathworld.wolfram.com
- ^ Lovett, Edgar O. (1899). "Review: Leçons sur les Systèmes Orthogonaux et les Coordonnées Curvilignes, Tome I, by Gaston Darboux". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 5 (4): 185–202. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1899-00584-6.
References
- "Darboux, Jean-Gaston". Biographical Dictionary of Mathematicians. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1991.
- Lebon, Ernest (1910). Gaston Darboux. Gauthier-Villars.
- Fourier, Joseph (1888–1890). Œuvres de Fourier. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. ISBN 2-05-100578-8.
External links
- 1842 births
- 1917 deaths
- 19th-century French mathematicians
- 20th-century French mathematicians
- French geometers
- Differential geometers
- Members of the French Academy of Sciences
- Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
- Foreign Members of the Royal Society
- Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
- École Normale Supérieure alumni
- People from Nîmes
- Lycée Louis-le-Grand teachers
- Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala