John Bowring

Sir John Bowring
John Bowring in 1826
4th Governor of Hong Kong
In office 13 April 1854 – 9 September 1859
Preceded by	Sir George Bonham
Succeeded by	Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead
Member of Parliament
In office 1835–1837
Preceded by	John Dunlop
Succeeded by	John Campbell Colquhoun
Constituency	Kilmarnock Burghs
In office 1841 – 1849 Served alongside Peter Ainsworth (1841–1847) William Bolling (1847–1848) Stephen Blair (1848–1849)
Preceded by	Peter Ainsworth William Bolling
Succeeded by	Stephen Blair Joshua Walmsley
Constituency	Bolton
Personal details
Born	(1792-10-17)17 October 1792 Exeter, England
Died	23 November 1872(1872-11-23) (aged 80) Claremont, England
Political party	Radical
Spouse(s)	Maria Lewin (m. 1816 – d. 1858) Deborah Castle (m. 1860, survived)
Children	John Charles Bowring, Lewin Bentham Bowring, Edgar Alfred Bowring
Profession	Member of Parliament (UK)

Marble bust of Sir John Bowring (1792–1872) by Edward Bowring Stephens (1815-1882) of Exeter. Collection of Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter, of which he was president 1860-1

Sir John Bowring, KCB (Chinese translated name: 寶寧,寶靈 or 包令) (17 October 1792 – 23 November 1872) was an English political economist, traveller, writer, literary translator, polyglot, and the 4th Governor of Hong Kong.

Early life

Bowring was born in Exeter of Charles Bowring (1769–1856), a wool merchant from an old Unitarian family, and Sarah Jane Anne (d. 1828), the daughter of Thomas Lane, vicar of St Ives, Cornwall. His last formal education was a Unitarian school in Moretonhampstead and he started work in his father's business at age 13. Bowring at one stage wished to become a minister. In early life he came under the influence of Jeremy Bentham, and later became his friend. He did not, however, share Bentham's contempt for belles lettres. He was a diligent student of literature and foreign languages, especially those of Eastern Europe.

Bowring ranked with Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti and Hans Conon von der Gabelentz among the world's greatest hyperpolyglots – his talent enabling him at last to say that he knew 200 languages, and could speak 100. His chief literary work was the translation of the folk-songs of most European nations, although he also wrote original poems and hymns, as well as works on political and economic subjects. The first fruits of his study of foreign literature appeared in Specimens of the Russian Poets (1821–1823). These were followed by Batavian Anthology (1824), Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain (1824), Specimens of the Polish Poets, and Serbian Popular Poetry, both in 1827, and Poetry of the Magyars (1830).

Political economist career

During this period he began to contribute to the newly founded Westminster Review, of which he was appointed editor in 1825. By his contributions to the Review he obtained considerable reputation as political economist and parliamentary reformer. He advocated in its pages the cause of free trade long before it was popularized by Richard Cobden and John Bright.

He pleaded earnestly on behalf of parliamentary reform, Catholic emancipation, and popular education. In 1828 he visited the Netherlands, and in February 1829 the University of Groningen conferred on him the degree of doctor of laws. In the following year he was in Denmark, preparing for the publication of a collection of Scandinavian poetry. Till 1832 he was Foreign Secretary of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association. Bentham tried to have Bowring appointed professor of English or History at University College London during the institution's nascent years; but neither of them had much influence with the new university.

Bowring was appointed Jeremy Bentham's literary executor, and was charged with the task of preparing a collected edition of his works. This appeared in eleven volumes in 1843.

British MP

In 1835, Bowring entered parliament as member for Kilmarnock Burghs; and in the following year he was appointed head of a government commission to be sent to France to inquire into the actual state of commerce between the two countries. He was engaged in similar investigations in Switzerland, Italy, Syria and some of the states in Imperial Germany.

Bowring appears in this painting of the 1840 World's Anti-Slavery Convention. Move your cursor to identify him on the second row to the right or click the icon to enlarge

The results of these missions appeared in a series of reports laid before the House of Commons. After a retirement of four years he sat in parliament from 1841 until 1849 as member for Bolton. During this busy period he found leisure for literature, and published in 1843 a translation of the Manuscript of the Queen's Court, a collection of Czech medieval poetry, later considered as falses by Czech poet Václav Hanka. In 1846 he became President of the Mazzinian People's International League.

Without inherited wealth, or salary as MP for Bolton, Bowring sought to sustain his political career by investing heavily in the south Wales iron industry during the mid-1840s. He led a small group of wealthy London merchants and bankers as Chairman of the Llynvi Iron Company and established a large integrated ironworks at Maesteg in Glamorgan during 1845–6. He installed his brother, Charles, as Resident Director and lost no time in naming the district around his ironworks, Bowrington. Although he lost his capital in the trade depression of the late 1840s, John Bowring had gained a reputation in the Maesteg district as an enlightened employer. A contemporary commented that 'he gave the poor their rights and carried away their blessing'. The failure of his venture in south Wales led directly to Bowring’s acceptance of Palmerston's offer of the consulship at Canton.

In 1845 he became Chairman of the London and Blackwall Railway, the world's first steam-powered urban passenger railway and the precursor of the whole London Rail system.

Consul

In 1849, Bowring was appointed British consul at Canton (today's Guangzhou), and superintendent of trade in China, a post which he held for four years.

Both before the Cantonese appointment, and after his return, Bowring distinguished himself as an advocate of decimal currency. On 27 April 1847 he addressed the House of Commons on the merits of decimalisation. He agreed to a compromise that directly led to the issue of the florin (one-tenth of a pound sterling), introduced as a first step in 1848 and more generally in 1849. He published a work entitled The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins and Accounts in 1854.

Governor of Hong Kong

On 13 April 1854, Bowring was sent to Hong Kong as governor.

During his governorship, a dispute broke out with the Chinese and the irritation caused by his "spirited" or high-handed policy led to the Second Opium War (1856–1860). At the same time, he allowed the Chinese citizens in Hong Kong to serve as jurors in trials and become lawyers. Bowring is also credited with establishing Hong Kong's first commercial public water supply system. He developed the eastern Wan Chai at a river mouth near Happy Valley and Victoria Harbour by elongating the river as a canal, and the area was named Bowring City (Bowrington). By instituting the Hong Kong buildings ordinance, Bowring ensured the safer design of all future construction projects in the colony.

In 1855 he visited Siam and negotiated with King Mongkut a treaty of commerce, now commonly referred as the Bowring Treaty. Bowring retired in March 1859 and received a pension for his duties.

Late career

John Bowring in 1857, by François-Félix Roubaud

His last employment by the British government was as a commissioner to Italy in 1861, to report on British commercial relations with the new kingdom. Bowring subsequently accepted the appointment of minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary from the Hawaiian government to the courts of Europe, and in this capacity negotiated treaties with Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Switzerland.

Personal life

Bowring married twice. By his first wife, Maria (1793/4–1858), whom he married in 1818 after moving to London, he had five sons and four daughters (Maria, John, Frederick, Lewin, Edgar, Charles, Edith, Emily, and Gertrude). She died of arsenic poisoning in 1858. His eldest son, John Charles Bowring, presented Bowring's collection of coleoptera to the British Museum after his death. His fourth son, Edgar Alfred Bowring, was a Member of Parliament for Exeter from 1868 to 1874. E.A. Bowring is also known as an able translator in the literary circles of the time. Lewin Bentham Bowring was a member of the Bengal Civil Service, private secretary in India to Lord Canning and Lord Elgin, and commissioner of Mysore.

His daughter, Emily, became a Roman Catholic nun, Sister Emily Aloysia Bowring. She was the first headmistress of the Italian Convent School (now known as the Sacred Heart Canossian College) in Hong Kong, serving from 1860 to 1870.

Bowring married his second wife, Deborah Castle (1816-1903), in 1860: they had no children. Deborah Bowring was a prominent Unitarian Christian and supporter of the women's suffrage movement. He is also remembered as a writer of hymns including "God is love : his mercy brightens", "In the Cross of Christ I glory", and "Watchman, tell us of the night".

He is the great-great grandfather of actress Susannah York.

Death

John Bowring died on 23 November 1872, aged 80.

Honours

• KCB, 1854
• Fellow, Royal Society and Royal Geographical Society
• Phraya Siamanukulkij Siammitrmahayot (Lord of honorary friendship of Siam: พระยาสยามานุกูลกิจ สยามิตรมหายศ)
• Knighted by several foreign governments
• Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1834.

Places named after him

Bowrington Canal in 1920

In the mid-19th century a district of the Llynfi Valley, Glamorgan, south Wales was known as Bowrington as it was built-up when John Bowring was chairman of the local iron company. Bowring's ironworks community later became part of the Maesteg Urban District. The name was revived in the 1980s when a shopping development in Maesteg was called the Bowrington Arcade.

As the 4th Governor, several places in Hong Kong came to be named after him:

• Bowring Praya West and Bowring Praya Central were two roads built on reclaimed land during his tenure, but were respectively renamed Des Voeux Road West and Des Voeux Road Central in 1890 after the Praya Reclamation Scheme.
• Bowrington, or Bowring City, was an area Bowring had built around the estuary of the Wong Nai Chung river, and is the site of the Bowrington Market. He built an extension named the Bowrington Canal, over which the Bowrington Road (now called Canal Road) and the Bowrington Bridge passed.
• Bowring Street in the district of Jordan, Hong Kong.

Literary works published

• Specimens of the Russian Poets (1821–1823)
• Peter Schlemihl, a German Story (Translation, 1824)
• Batavian Anthology (1824)
• Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain (1824)
• Hymns (Privately published, 1825) This includes the hymns In the cross of Christ I Glory, and Watchman, Tell Us of the Night, both still used in many churches. The American composer Charles Ives used part of Watchman, Tell Us of the Night in the opening movement of his Fourth Symphony.
• Specimens of the Polish Poets (1827)
• Serbian Popular Poetry (1827)
• Poetry of the Magyars (1830)
• Cheskian Anthology (1832)
• Bentham's Deontology (Editor, 1834). Volume I, Volume II
• Minor Morals for Young People (1834)
• Manuscript of the Queen's Court (1843)
• The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins and Accounts (1854)
• The Kingdom and People of Siam (1857)
• A visit to the Philippine Islands (1859) [1]
• Translations from Alexander Petőfi (1866). [2]
• Various other pamphlets

See also

• List of heads of Hong Kong by education

Further reading

• Bartle, G.F. (1963). "Jeremy Bentham and John Bowring: a study of the relationship between Bentham and the editor of his Collected Works". Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. 36: 27–35. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1963.tb00620.x.
• Bartle, George Frederick (1994). An old radical and his brood: a portrait of Sir John Bowring and his family based mainly on the correspondence of Bowring and his son, Frederick Bowring. London: Janus.
• Bowring, Philip (2011). "Sir John Bowring: the imperial role of a lifelong radical". Asian Affairs. 42: 419–29. doi:10.1080/03068374.2011.605604.
• Endacott, G. B. (2005) [1962]. A biographical sketch-book of early Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 36–44. ISBN 978-962-209-742-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Stone, Gerald (2009) [2004]. "Bowring, Sir John (1792–1872)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3087. (subscription required)
• Todd, David (2008). "John Bowring and the global dissemination of free trade". Historical Journal. 51: 373–97. doi:10.1017/s0018246x08006754.
• Youings, Joyce Alice, ed. (1993). Sir John Bowring, 1792-1872: aspects of his life and career. Plymouth: Devonshire Association.

External links

• Works by John Bowring at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about John Bowring at the Internet Archive
• Autobiographical Recollections of Sir John Bowring (1877) at Internet Archive
• Biography Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography
• 8 portraits of John Bowring National Portrait Gallery
• Ringmar, Erik (2013). Liberal Barbarism: The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China (PDF). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month=, |chapterurl=, and |coauthors= (help)
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Bowring