Karl-Heinz Schnell

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Karl-Heinz Schnell
Born(1915-01-10)10 January 1915
Germany
Died13 March 2013(2013-03-13) (aged 98)[1]
Costa Rica
Allegiance Nazi Germany (to 1945)
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Years of service1936–45
RankMajor (major)
UnitJagdgeschwader 20
Jagdgeschwader 51
Jagdverband 44
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Karl-Heinz Schnell[2] (10 January 1915 – 13 March 2013) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. For the fighter pilots, it was a quantifiable measure of skill and success. Schnell was widely credited with 72 aerial victories in over 500 combat missions.[3]

Military career[edit]

At the start of the war, Lieutenant Karl-Heinz 'Bubi' Schnell was assigned to I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 71 (JG 71—71st Fighter Wing),[4] an independent fighter-group. When this unit was flagged for absorption into Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on 1 November 1939 he was transferred to the newly formed 3./JG 20 - itself part of an independent fighter-group but also seconded to JG 51.

Through the opening of the campaign in the west, in May 1940, I./JG 20 met very little aerial opposition covering the advance into Holland and then Belgium. Instead, all attention was focused on the dramatic breakthrough to the south. Indeed, it was only on the day the unit transferred to airfields at Ghent, on 29 September, against the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk, that Schnell got his first victory - an RAF Spitfire. The rest of the French campaign was very quiet - a second victory on 11 June - as JG 51 pushed west down the French coast. But as most other fighter units were sent home to rest before the expected battles with the RAF, JG 51 (and I./JG 20) was left on overwatch on the English Channel. Far from being a quiet respite, it yielded three further victories for Schnell over the next weeks.

A period of leave followed over July and August. On 4 July, I. Gruppe of JG 20 was renamed and became III. Gruppe of JG 51. In consequence, 3. Staffel of JG 20 became the 9. Staffel of JG 51.[5] Upon his return, as the battle neared its climax, he quickly set about making up for lost time, doubling his score to eight in the next busy fortnight as well as earning a promotion to Oberleutnant.

Squadron leader[edit]

On 30 September 1940, Schnell was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 9. Staffel of JG  51. He thus replaced Oberleutnant Arnold Lignitz who was given command III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing).[6] On 14 November, his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-4 (Werknummer 4096—factory number) suffered engine failure and he crashed into the sea.[7] He was later rescued by Seenotdienst, the Luftwaffe air-sea rescue service.[8]

After that, it was obvious that the battle could not be won, and operations therefore wound down. Schnell only scored a solitary victory (on 25 October) in the next nine months on the Channel front, until his unit was finally withdrawn to the Reich in May 1941.

Operation Barbarossa[edit]

It was only a short lay-over though, until transferred to airbases east of Warsaw for the upcoming Operation Barbarossa - the invasion of the Soviet Union. Schnell claimed his first aerial victories on 24 June, downing seven bombers in three missions, making him an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time, [9] when JG 51 in total claimed 82 victories.[10] By the time JG 51 became the first Geschwader to claim 1000 victories in the war, on 30 June, Schnell's own tally had risen to 22.

Schnell soon became one of the leading scorers in III./JG 51, reaching 31 by the end of July. In recognition of this, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 1 August, becoming the fourth in his Gruppe to be so honoured. When JG 51's collective total reached 2000 victories on 7 September with the Battle of Smolensk raging (doubling in less than ten weeks), Schnell's personal score had risen to 38. Over the rest of the year, as the weather worsened, his unit fought in the major encirclement of Kiev and then in the abortive attack on Moscow.

On 20 August, he was shot down in his Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 12973). Wounded in the encounter, following his convalescence, he was transferred to the Ergänzungsgruppe of JG 51, a supplementary training unit which was based in France. Command of 9. Staffel was passed on to Oberleutnant Gottfried Schlitzer.[11] In May 1942, Schnell was transferred from the Ergänzungsgruppe of JG 51 to the Stab of III. Gruppe of JG 51 before he was transferred to II. Gruppe. When Oberleutnant Hans Strelow, the commander of 5. Staffel, was shot down behind enemy lines on 22 May, Schnell was given command of the Staffel on 1 June.[12]

Eastern Front[edit]

Although II./JG 51 covered a very stable part of the front (it stayed based in Bryansk from January to August 1942), there were still sporadic periods of intense air activity, as the Soviets staged offensives to distract and draw off support from their collapsing southern front. Schnell continued to score; he claimed seven in one day (5 July) to take him to 52 victories. A further six (or five[13]) victories on 2 August took his score to 58 victories.

Soon after on 8 August, now as a Hauptmann (captain), he was promoted to command his former unit, III./JG 51, succeeding the long-serving Richard Leppla, his commander since November 1940, who had been severely injured. Based at Novodugino, directly west of Moscow, he was straight away into the frantic battles for air superiority over the Rzhev salient. Forced to bail out twice in the month, he later noted:

"As I was swinging down in my parachute in a wonderful stillness, I thought of those at home. Back home, my parents calmly had their Sunday morning coffee by that time."[14]

Now also burdened with the administrative duties of command, combat opportunities were more limited after his 65th victory in late September. During his tenure, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 10 October 1942 and also oversaw the unit's transition onto the new Fw 190A fighter in November.

On 17 January 1943, in a take-off accident, JG 51's Geschwaderkommodore Karl-Gottfried Nordmann's plane collided with that of I./JG 51 Kommandeur Rudolf Busch, killing the latter. So traumatized was Nordmann by the incident that he refused to fly combat missions again, and Schnell unofficially took over leading the Geschwader in the air.[4] This gave him the opportunity to pick up another half-dozen victories over the next few months, as the German Army finally withdrew from in front of Moscow to straighten the front line.

A lull finally fell over the central front in June 1943. Because of either niggling wounds[15] or his increasingly outspoken criticism of the High Command’s running of the campaign[4][16] he was recalled to Germany.

Training commands[edit]

On 5 June, Schnell was transferred to take command of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 106, a pilot-training unit. He was temporarily replaced by Hauptmann Herbert Wehnelt until Major Fritz Losigkeit took command of the III. Gruppe on 26 June.[17] But barely a fortnight later, he was again transferred, this time to the Mediterranean theatre to take temporary command of II./JG 53 in the absence of regular Kommandeur Gerhard Michalski, and which had just been pulled out from the invasion of Sicily. In his two-month stay he scored no victories, but supervised the unit’s retreat from the toe of Italy, past Naples and Rome, onto Lucca in Tuscany, as the Western Allies prepared to storm ashore onto mainland Europe.

On 24 September 1943, with Michalski's return, Schnell was recalled to I./JG 106. Although promoted to Major on 1 October, he remained “in exile" for the next year. This probably saved his life, unlike so many of his contemporaries left in the meat-grinder that was the last year of the war. He was given command of the JG 102 training unit in August 1944 until it was nominally disbanded on 15 March 1945. By then he was already in hospital nursing his ongoing injuries. Schnell was finally drawn back to a front-line unit, answering Johannes Steinhoff's call to join Adolf Galland's band of elite ‘malcontents’ in JV 44. There he served as Platzausbau officer (in charge of airfield infrastructure)[18] until the end of the war. One of his last duties, on 4 May 1945, was being dispatched by his CO, Heinz Bär, from their final airbase in Salzburg, Austria, to the nearby American forces to get their surrender instructions.[19]

Summary of career[edit]

Aerial victory claims[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Schnell was credited with 72 aerial victories.[20] Spick also lists Schnell with 72 aerial victories claimed in over 500 combat missions. Of these, 11 were claimed over the Western Allies and the remaining 61 on the Eastern Front.[21] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces: Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 68 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 68 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and seven over the Western Allies.[22]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 47554". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[23]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Schnell an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Schnell did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 20 –[24]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
1 29 May 1940 19:15 Spitfire northeast of Calais[25] 2?[Note 1] 11 June 1940 19:35 Beaufort Estrées-lès-Crécy[26]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 20 –[24]
At the Channel and over England — 26 June – 3 July 1940
3 28 June 1940 19:20 Hurricane 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Calais[27] 4 30 June 1940 12:50 Blenheim south of Saint-Omer[27]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[24]
At the Channel and over England — 4 July 1940 – 26 May 1941
5 24 August 1940 09:40 Curtiss P-36[28] 8 4 September 1940 14:25 Spitfire south of London[28]
6 28 August 1940 18:10 Hurricane Canterbury[28] 9 25 October 1940 13:15 Hurricane[29]
7?[Note 1] 4 September 1940 14:24 Spitfire south of London[28]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[22]
Operation Barbarossa – 22 June – September 1941
10♠ 24 June 1941 10:58 DB-3[30] 25 5 July 1941 15:23 DB-3[31]
11♠ 24 June 1941 14:00 SB-2[30] 26 11 July 1941 06:25 Pe-2[31]
12♠ 24 June 1941 14:00 SB-2[30]?[Note 2] 27 11 July 1941 14:07 Pe-2[31]
13♠ 24 June 1941 17:51 SB-2[30]?[Note 2] 28 11 July 1941 19:20 Pe-2[31]
14♠ 24 June 1941 17:52 SB-2[30]?[Note 2] 29 13 July 1941 16:45 I-16[31]
15♠ 24 June 1941 17:53 SB-2[30]?[Note 2] 30?[Note 3] 13 July 1941 16:55 I-16[31]
16♠ 24 June 1941 17:53 SB-2[30]?[Note 2]
—
 28 July 1941
—
 DB-3[33]
17 26 June 1941 10:55 SB-2[34]?[Note 2] 31 29 July 1941 18:10 DB-3[33]
18 26 June 1941 15:50 SB-2?[Note 2] southeast of Vyhanaščanskaje Lake[34] 32 9 August 1941 13:05 Pe-2[35]
19 29 June 1941 17:50 SB-2[34]?[Note 2] 33 9 August 1941 13:05 Pe-2[35]
20 30 June 1941 14:28 DB-3[34] 34 9 August 1941 13:07 Pe-2[35]
21 30 June 1941 18:55 DB-3[34] 35 9 August 1941 13:09 Pe-2[35]
22 30 June 1941 19:00 DB-3 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Babruysk[34] 36 11 August 1941 07:45 Pe-2 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Yelnya[35]
23 2 July 1941 14:50 DB-3[31] 37 7 September 1941 12:25 Pe-2[35]
24 5 July 1941 15:22 DB-3[31] 38 7 September 1941 17:40?[Note 4] I-16[35]?[Note 4]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[32]
Eastern Front — May 1942
39 28 May 1942 09:35 Il-2 Yukhnov/Roslavl[36]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[32]
Eastern Front — 1 June – 15 September 1942
40 14 June 1942 07:30 Pe-2[37] 52♠ 2 August 1942 13:15 Il-2 PQ 47554[38]
20 km (12 mi) north of Vozma
41 15 June 1942 04:28 Pe-2?[Note 5] Oryol[37] 53♠ 2 August 1942 13:20 Il-2 PQ 47552[38]
15 km (9.3 mi) north-northwest of Rzhev
42 24 June 1942 09:52 Yak-4 Oryol[37] 54♠ 2 August 1942 13:25 Il-2 PQ 47542[38]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Rzhev
43 26 June 1942 08:40 Il-2?[Note 6] Oryol[37] 55♠ 2 August 1942 15:12?[Note 7] Il-2 PQ 47553[38]
15 km (9.3 mi) north-northwest of Rzhev
44 2 July 1942 17:50 DB-3?[Note 5] Rzhev[37] 56♠ 2 August 1942 16:37?[Note 8] Il-2 PQ 47581, Dugino[38]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Rzhev
45 4 July 1942 17:20 Il-2 Rzhev[39] 57 3 August 1942 12:35 Il-2 PQ 47554[38]
15 km (9.3 mi) north-northwest of Rzhev
46♠ 5 July 1942 10:30 Il-2[39] 58 8 August 1942 18:24 Pe-2 PQ 47524[40]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Rzhev
47♠ 5 July 1942 11:50 Pe-2[39] 59 13 August 1942 17:00?[Note 9] Il-2 PQ 54414[40]
30 km (19 mi) northeast of Dudorovskiy
48♠ 5 July 1942 17:35 Il-2[39] 60 22 August 1942 16:01 Pe-2 PQ 54434[40]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Belyov
49♠ 5 July 1942 17:36 Il-2[41] 61 22 August 1942 18:35 Il-2 PQ 54421[40]
25 km (16 mi) west-southwest of Belyov
50♠ 5 July 1942 18:05 Il-2[41] 62 23 August 1942 17:31 Il-2 PQ 54414[42]
30 km (19 mi) northeast of Dudorovskiy
—
?[Note 3] 		5 July 1942 18:06 Il-2[41] 63 5 September 1942 17:03 Il-2 southeast of Sychyovka[42]
51♠ 5 July 1942 19:22 Il-2 northeast of Bolkhov[41]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[32]
Eastern Front — 24 September 1942 – 3 February 1943
64 26 September 1942 12:25 LaGG-3 PQ 47521[43]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Rzhev 		66 29 January 1943 10:22 Il-2 PQ 63451[44]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Maloarkhangelsk
65 29 January 1943 10:20 Il-2 PQ 63451[44]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Maloarkhangelsk 		67 29 January 1943 10:25 Il-2 PQ 63451[44]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Maloarkhangelsk
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[32]
Eastern Front — 4 February – 5 June 1943
68 6 February 1943 13:25 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63624[45]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Maloarkhangelsk 		70 9 March 1943 08:12 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63294, southwest of Novosil[45]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Zalegoshch
69 24 February 1943 10:25 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 44434[45]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Zhizdra 		71 13 May 1943 05:10 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63223[46]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Zalegoshch

Awards[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman, this claim is unconfirmed.[24]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h According to Mathews and Foreman, claimed as a Ilyushin DB-3.[24]
  3. ^ a b This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[32]
  4. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman, claimed at 12:40 as a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3.[32]
  5. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman, claimed as a Ilyushin Il-2.[32]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman, claimed as a Petlyakov Pe-2.[32]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman, claimed at 15:10.[32]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman, claimed at 18:37.[32]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman, claimed at 17:08.[32]
  10. ^ According to Scherzer as Staffelkapitän of the 8./Jagdgeschwader 51.[48]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ "Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 - 1945". Ritterkreuz. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  2. ^ "Schnell". Leisure Galleries. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  3. ^ "Pilot Profile - Karl-Heinz Schnell". World naval ships. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  4. ^ a b c Weal 2006, p. 90.
  5. ^ Prien et al. 2002, pp. 73, 80.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 80.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 89.
  8. ^ Foreman 1988, p. 90.
  9. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 109.
  10. ^ Weal 2006, p. 60.
  11. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 300, 313.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 293.
  13. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 113.
  14. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 121.
  15. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 26.
  16. ^ Luftwaffe Officer Career Summaries website.
  17. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 56.
  18. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 63.
  19. ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 119–120.
  20. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1616.
  21. ^ Spick 1996, p. 237.
  22. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1157–1158.
  23. ^ Planquadrat.
  24. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1157.
  25. ^ Prien et al. 2000, p. 187.
  26. ^ Prien et al. 2000, p. 188.
  27. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 83.
  28. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2002, p. 84.
  29. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 86.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 302.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2003, p. 304.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1158.
  33. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 305.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003, p. 303.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 307.
  36. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 330.
  37. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 296.
  38. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 300.
  39. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 298.
  40. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 303.
  41. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 299.
  42. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 304.
  43. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 333.
  44. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 334.
  45. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 60.
  46. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 61.
  47. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 385.
  48. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 677.
  49. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 419.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Dikov, Andrey; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2006). Black Cross / Red Star Air War Over the Eastern Front, Volume 3, Everything for Stalingrad. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9761034-4-8.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Foreman, John (1988). Battle of Britain: The Forgotten Months, November And December 1940. London, UK: Air Research Publications. ISBN 978-1-871187-02-1.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2008). Jagdverband 44 Squadron of Experten. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 27. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-294-3.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 4 S–Z. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-21-9.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2000). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9 April bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25 June 1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26 June 1940 bis 21 June 1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (2001). Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd ISBN 1-84176-084-6.
  • Weal, John (1996). Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-518-7.
  • Weal, John (2006). Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 22. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-045-1.
  • Weal, John (2007). Jagdgeschwader 53 "Pik-As". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 25. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-204-2.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.

External links[edit]

Military offices
Preceded by Squadron Leader of 9./JG 51
30 September 1940 – 2 November 1941 		Succeeded by
Oblt Gottfried Schlitzer
Preceded by
unknown
 Squadron Leader of 5./JFS 5
3 November 1941 – 26 April 1942 		Succeeded by
unknown
Preceded by Squadron Leader of 5./JG 51
1 June 1942 – 8 August 1942 		Succeeded by
Ltn Ralph Furch
Preceded by Group Commander of III./JG 51
25 September 1942 – 5 June 1943 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Maj Hans Mihlan
 Group Commander of I./JG 106
23 June 1943 – 9 July 1943 		Succeeded by
Hptm Friedrich Kerkmann
Preceded by Group Commander of II./JG 53
10 July 1943 – 28 September 1943 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Hptm Friedrich Kerkmann
 Group Commander of I./JG 106
29 September 1943 – 31 July 1944 		Succeeded by
Hptm Max Buchholz
Preceded by
Obstlt Jürgen Roth
 Group Commander of I./JG 102
1 August 1944 – 15 March 1945 		Succeeded by
none: unit disbanded
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