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LGBTQ rights in Kentucky

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LGBTQ rights in Kentucky
Kentucky (USA)
StatusLegal since 1992
(Kentucky v. Wasson)
Gender identityTranssexuals may alter their birth certificate after sex-reassignment surgery
Discrimination protectionsSexual orientation and gender identity protections (see below)
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNone at state level
RestrictionsKentucky Constitutional Amendment 1 limits marriage to one man and one woman, also prohibits non-marriage same-sex unions
AdoptionSingle homosexuals may adopt

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in the U.S. commonwealth of Kentucky have most of the same rights as non-LGBT persons have, but still face some legal challenges not experienced by other people. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Kentucky. Same-sex couples and families headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for all of the protections available to opposite-sex married couples. On February 12, 2014, a federal judge ruled that the state must recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions, a ruling that is on hold pending review by the Sixth Circuit.

Like a number of Southern states in the U.S., Kentucky has generally been viewed as socially conservative, with recent polls indicating that only 35 percent of polled Kentuckians support same-sex marriage, although support has increased in recent years.[1][2] Several cities in the state prohibit discrimination in employment, housing, and accommodations on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The Louisville-based Fairness Campaign, founded in 1991, is the state's oldest and largest LGBT advocacy organization in operation.[3] In 2008, a Fairness Coalition[4] was formed to collectively advance LGBT anti-discrimination protections in the commonwealth; its members are the American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky,[5] Fairness Campaign, Kentucky Commission on Human Rights, and Lexington Fairness.[6]

Laws against homosexuality

In 1992 the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled the section of Kentucky's sodomy statute criminalizing consensual sodomy violated the Kentucky state constitution. In overturning the consensual sodomy statute (KRS 510.100) in the Kentucky v. Wasson case, the Kentucky Supreme Court decriminalized consensual sodomy. The statute remains on the books but remains unenforceable. In Lawrence v. Texas, the 2003 U.S. Supreme Court ruling overturning the remaining state sodomy laws, the U.S. Supreme Court further affirmed that such statutes violate the U.S. Constitution.

The former Kentucky statute criminalized consensual sexual relations between people of the same sex, even if conducted in private. Specifically, the law criminalized genital-oral (oral sex), genital-anal (anal sex), and anal-oral (rimming) sex – but only between partners of the same sex. Such sexual activities between mixed-sex (male-female) couples were legal. Such conduct was a misdemeanor punishable by up to 12 months in jail and a fine of up to $500. Solicitation of same was also a misdemeanor, punishable by up to 90 days in jail and a fine of up to $250.

Historically, Kentucky's sodomy statutes had changed over time. The 1860 sodomy statute criminalized anal penetration by a penis and applied to both male-female couples and male-male couples. Because the law focused exclusively on penile-anal penetration, consensual sex between women was technically legal in Kentucky until 1974. In fact, in 1909 the Kentucky Supreme Court issued a ruling in Commonwealth v. Poindexter involving two African-American men arrested for consensual oral sex. In this decision the court upheld that the then current sodomy law did not criminalize oral sex but only anal sex.

In 1974 Kentucky revised its statutes as part of a penal code reform advocated by the American Law Institute. While the American Law Institute urged states to decriminalize consensual sodomy and other victimless crimes, the Kentucky legislature chose to decriminalize anal sex involving male-female couples but to broaden the new statute to criminalize anal-genital, oral-genital, and oral-anal sexual contact involving same-sex couples (both male-male and female-female couples).[7] Thus, the 1974 revised statute decriminalized consensual anal sex for mixed-sex couples but expanded criminalization of sexual acts to include both male and female same-sex couples. Kentucky also reduced consensual sodomy from a felony to a misdemeanor in 1974.[8] It was this final remaining consensual sodomy statute, which criminalized only same-sex behavior, which was ruled unconstitutional by the Kentucky Supreme Court in Kentucky v. Wasson in 1992.[9]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Kentucky
Map of Kentucky counties and cities that offer domestic partner benefits either county-wide or in particular cities.
  City offers domestic partner benefits
  County-wide partner benefits through domestic partnership
  County or city does not offer domestic partner benefits

On November 9, 1973, the Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled in Jones v. Hallahan that two women were properly denied a marriage license based on dictionary definitions of marriage, despite the fact that state statutes do not restrict marriage to a female-male couple. Its decision said that "in substance, the relationship proposed ... is not a marriage."[10]

Kentucky voters adopted a constitutional amendment in November 2004 that defined marriage as the union of a man and a woman and prohibited the recognition of same-sex relationships under any other name.[11] Similar restrictions have appeared in the state statutes since July 1998 as well.[12]

Kentucky has extended hospital visitation rights to same-sex couples through a designated visitor statute.[13]

Federal lawsuits

Main articles: Bourke v. Beshear and Love v. Beshear

Two lawsuits filed in federal court in 2013 and 2014 have challenged Kentucky's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples as well as the state's refusal to recognize same-sex marriages established in other jurisdictions. The plaintiffs won on both issues in February and July 2014 in U.S. district court. On appeal, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments on August 6. On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that all states in the U.S. were required to recognize the marriages of, and provide marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[14]

Adoption and parenting

Kentucky permits adoption by individuals or married couples only. In February 2009 Senate Bill 68 (SB 68)[15] was introduced to the Kentucky Senate by Senator Gary Tapp (R-Waddy). If passed, SB 68 would have barred any unmarried cohabiting couples from fostering or adopting children in Kentucky. Many Kentucky fairness supporters, along with foster and adoption agencies, rallied against the bill. The Senate Judiciary Committee passed SB 68 in a hastily called, unadvertised meeting upon Senate adjournment March 5, 2009,[16] but it died when the legislative session ended without the full Senate putting SB 68 to a vote. This was the first time a piece of anti-LGBT legislation had passed a Kentucky Senate Committee without also passing the full chamber.[17] On January 5, 2010 House Bill 195 (HB 195) was introduced to the Kentucky House by Representative Tom Burch (D-Louisville).[18] If passed, HB 195 would have redefined stepparent to include any non-relative adult person who the court finds as sharing parental responsibility for the child. The House Health and Welfare Committee held an informational hearing on HB 195 on March 11, 2010—the first-ever hearing of a pro-LGBT piece of legislation in the Kentucky General Assembly. HB 195 did not receive a vote but further informational hearings were requested.[19]

Discrimination protections

Further information: LGBT employment discrimination in the United States
Map of Kentucky cities and counties that have sexual orientation and/or gender identity anti–employment discrimination ordinances
  Sexual orientation and gender identity with anti–employment discrimination ordinance
  Sexual orientation and gender identity solely in public employment

Public employment

Public employment discrimination against state workers based on sexual orientation or gender identity is illegal under an executive order by Governor Steve Beshear (Democrat) in June 2008. Such discrimination was originally banned by an executive order by Governor Paul Patton (Democrat) under an executive order issued by him in 2003. When Republican Governor Ernie Fletcher took office, however, he removed these protections in 2006. Thus, Beshear's order reinstates such protections.[20]

In February 2013, Berea Mayor Steve Connelly banned discrimination on the basis of actual or perceived sexual orientation via executive order. The order applies only to the town's 130 public employees.[21]

Private employment

Ten Kentucky cities have local non-discrimination ordinances—or Fairness Ordinances—covering sexual orientation and gender identity: Lexington-Fayette County (1999), Louisville Metro (1999), Covington (2003), Frankfort (2013), Morehead (2013), Vicco (2013), Danville (2014), Midway (2015), Paducah (2018), and Maysville (2018). The City of Henderson adopted a non-discrimination ordinance in 1999 but a subsequent group of city commissioners removed the protections in 2001.

Some of Kentucky's largest employers also ban sexual orientation discrimination through company policies and include such employers as Lexmark, the University of Kentucky, the University of Louisville, Toyota, Ford Motor Company, General Electric, PNC Financial Services, Yum! Brands and United Parcel Service.[22]

In January 2013 Vicco, Kentucky, a town with a population of 334 as of the 2010 census with a gay mayor, Johnny Cummings, passed a town ordinance prohibiting "discrimination in employment, housing, and public accommodations based upon a person's actual or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity". Vicco joined Covington, which enacted a similar ordinance in 2003, and Lexington and Louisville, which did so in 1999.[23][24] Vicco, KY was said to be the smallest town in the United States to pass such an ordinance.[25]

Housing

The seven existing non-discrimination ordinances in Covington, Danville, Lexington, Louisville, Vicco, Frankfort, Morehead, and Midway[26] also ban housing discrimination because of a person's sexual orientation or gender identity.

Religious Freedom Act of 2013

In March 2013, both houses of the Kentucky legislature passed the Religious Freedom Act which requires the state to show "clear and convincing evidence" for any statutes or policies that infringe on an individual's "sincerely held religious beliefs".[a] The bill was supported by the Kentucky Family Foundation and the Kentucky Catholic Conference. More than 50 civil rights, public health, religious and other community groups urged Governor Steve Beshear to veto the legislation, including the Kentucky League of Cities, the Kentucky Association of Counties, the Kentucky ACLU and the mayors of Louisville and Covington. Opponents argued its wording was vague and could be used to override local non-discrimination ordinances. Supporters, including the bill's sponsor, Representative Bob Damron, argued it was needed to protect religious believers from state encroachment, citing the case of several Kentucky Amish who were arrested for refusing to put reflectors on their buggies when traveling government-maintained roads. Beshear vetoed the bill and the legislature overrode his veto by votes of 79-15 in the House and 32-6 in the Senate.[28]

Senate Bill 17

In March, 2017 Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin signed into effect Senate Bill 17 (abbreviated as SB 17). This premise of this piece of legislation is to allow greater freedom of religion in public schools. Some of the main points of this law include allowing student religious organizations to use school facilities during non instructional hours, allowing students to display religious messages on clothing and allowing instructors to teach about religious holidays with the use of the Bible or other religious scriptures.

Controversy about this law stems from its implication that student religious organizations in public schools can discriminate against other students, for example, on the basis of their religious identity or sexual orientation. This conclusion is primarily drawn from the clause, "no recognized religious or political student organization is discriminated against in the ordering of its internal affairs."

Many advocates for LGBTQ-rights claim that this law is anti-LGBTQ, and that religious freedom is just a guise to limit the rights of LGBTQ students. Furthermore, there is also concern surrounding the fact that this law pertains to public schools, which receive federal funding and are therefore under many of its rules and limitations when comes to public education.

Main article: Senate Bill 17 (Kentucky General Assembly, 2017 Regular Session)

Hate crime law

Kentucky statutes cover hate crimes based on sexual orientation but not gender identity.[29]

On March 15, 2012, the Kentucky State Police assisted the FBI in arresting David Jenkins, Anthony Jenkins, Mable Jenkins, and Alexis Jenkins of Partridge for the beating of Kevin Pennington during a late-night attack in April 2011 at Kingdom Come State Park,[30][31] near Cumberland. The push came from the gay rights group Kentucky Equality Federation, whose president, Jordan Palmer, began lobbying the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky in August 2011 to prosecute after stating he had no confidence in the Harlan County Commonwealth's Attorney to act.[32][33] "I think the case's notoriety may have derived in large part from the Kentucky Equality Federation efforts," said Harvey, the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky.[34] Mable Jenkins, and Alexis Jenkins plead guilty.[34]

Gender reassignment

Kentucky permits post-operative transgender people to amend their sex on their birth certificates.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Religious Freedom Act reads: "Government shall not substantially burden a person's freedom of religion. The right to act or refuse to act in a manner motivated by a sincerely held religious belief may not be substantially burdened unless the government proves by clear and convincing evidence that it has a compelling governmental interest in infringing the specific act or refusal to act and has used the least restrictive means to further that interest. A 'burden' shall include indirect burdens such as withholding benefits, assessing penalties or an exclusion from programs or access to facilities."[27]

References

  1. ^ Blackford, Linda B. (February 7, 2014). "Majority of Kentucky voters oppose same-sex marriage, but opposition appears to be softening". Kentucky.com. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  2. ^ Public Policy Polling: "Paul, McConnell, Tea Party disliked in KY," August 31, 2011, accessed September 1, 2011
  3. ^ Phillip M. Bailey (October 27, 2011). "Yarmuth Commemorates Fairness Campaign's 20th Anniversary". Archives.wfpl.org. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  4. ^ "Kentucky. It's a State of Fairness". Fairness Coalition. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  5. ^ "ACLU of Kentucky - Fairness Coalition to Hire EKY Regional Organizer". Aclu-ky.org. July 17, 2012. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Aldridge, Michael. "Ky. should keep leading on fairness for all its citizens | Op-Ed". Kentucky.com. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  7. ^ Morrison, Matthew (2001). "Currents in the Stream: The Evolving Legal Status of Gay and Lesbian Persons in Kentucky". Kentucky Law Journal. 89 (4).
  8. ^ William N. Eskridge, Dishonorable Passions: Sodomy Laws in America, 1861–2003 (NY: Penguin Group, 2008), 201n, available online, accessed April 10, 2010
  9. ^ Commonwealth v. Wasson, accessed April 13, 2011
  10. ^ Cantor, Donald J.; et al. (2006). Same-Sex Marriage: The Legal and Psychological Evolution in America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 117–8. ISBN 9780819568120. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help) Kentucky Court of Appeals: Jones v. Callahan, November 9, 1973
  11. ^ CNN: 2004 Ballot Measures, accessed April 13, 2011
  12. ^ "Current Kentucky Laws". Marriage Equality Kentucky. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
  13. ^ "Hospital Visitation Laws" (PDF). Hrc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ See Obergefell V. Hodges, 576 U.S. ____ (2015), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/576/14-556/
  15. ^ "09RS SB68". Lrc.ky.gov. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  16. ^ "Senate Judiciary Committee | Kentucky General Assembly Live | KET Video". Ket.org. March 5, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  17. ^ mginter. "Kentucky Tonight - Adoption and Unmarried Couples | Home Page". KET. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "10RS HB195". Lrc.ky.gov. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  19. ^ "ACLU of Kentucky - LGBT Rights". Aclu-ky.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Governor Beshear Restores Employment Fairness Protection to State Government". Governor Steve Beshear's Communications Office. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  21. ^ "Kentucky city to enact protections for gay city workers". Huntington, WV, Herald-Dispatch. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  22. ^ Human Rights Campaign. "Equality Index 2013" (PDF). Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  23. ^ "Vicco, Kentucky Approves LGBT Fairness Law". Lex18. January 14, 2013. Archived from the original on August 19, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Vicco, Kentucky Approves LGBT Fairness Law | LEX18.com | Lexington, Kentucky". LEX18.com. January 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Morgan, Glennisha (January 24, 2013). "Vicco, Smallest Town In Kentucky, Passes LGBT Non-Discrimination Law". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  26. ^ http://www.wkyt.com/home/headlines/Midway-becomes-8th-Ky-city-to-adopt-fairness-ordinance-305759381.html
  27. ^ Brammer, Jack and Beth Musgrave (March 30, 2013). "Tom Eblen: Parsing Gray's tepid response to 'religious freedom' bill Kentucky's religious freedom bill divided politicians, public, ministers". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  28. ^ Louisville Courier-Journal (March 27, 2013). "Kentucky legislature overwhelmingly overrides veto of 'religious freedom' bill". Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  29. ^ Human Resources Campaign: Kentucky Hate Crimes Law Archived May 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, accessed April 13, 2011
  30. ^ "2 Kentucky men face first-of-their-kind federal hate-crime charges". Lexington Herald-Leader. March 15, 2012.
  31. ^ "Two Harlan County, Kentucky, Men Indicted for Federal Hate Crime Against Individual Because of Sexual Orientation; The Indictment Marks the First Case Charged Under the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act Involving Sexual Orientation". United States Department of Justice. April 12, 2012.
  32. ^ "Kentucky Equality Federation communicates with the U.S. Department of Justice about Harlan County Hate Crime". Kentucky Equality Federation Official Press Releases - Copy of request to prosecute included. August 24, 2011.
  33. ^ "Kentucky advocacy group pushes first federal hate crime arrests". Associated Press. March 15, 2013.
  34. ^ a b "David Jason Jenkins, Anthony Ray Jenkins Face Life In Anti-Gay Attack Under New U.S. Hate Crime Law". The Huffington Post. April 18, 2012.
  35. ^ Human Resources Campaign: Kentucky Hate Crimes Law Archived May 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, accessed April 13, 2011
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