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LGBTQ rights in West Virginia

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LGBTQ rights in West Virginia
West Virginia (USA)
StatusLegal since 1976
Gender identityTransgender persons allowed to change legal gender
Discrimination protectionsProtections in employment; several cities have passed further protections
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsSame-sex marriage since 2014
AdoptionSame-sex couples allowed to adopt

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in the U.S. state of West Virginia face legal challenges not faced by non-LGBT persons. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1976, and same-sex marriage has been recognized since October 2014. West Virginia statutes do not address discrimination on account of sexual orientation or gender identity; however, the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County established that employment discrimination against LGBTQ people is illegal.

Laws against same-sex sexual activity

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Upon statehood in 1863, West Virginia inherited Virginia's "buggery" law, which provided for one to five years' imprisonment for anal intercourse. Fellatio (oral sex) was not covered by the statute. A bill to extend the law's application to include oral sex, whether heterosexual or homosexual, passed the House of Delegates in 1917, but failed in the Senate. In 1930, the state underwent a comprehensive criminal code revision, which resulted in the elimination of the term "buggery" and the insertion of "crimes against nature", which were defined as homosexual or heterosexual sodomy (anal sex and oral sex), with penalties varying between one and ten years' imprisonment. The law did not distinguish between consensual and non-consensual sodomy, or whether the act had occurred in private or public.[1]

It is unclear how the law was enforced. There are only four recorded sodomy court cases in West Virginia, three of which were overturned by the Supreme Court.[1]

West Virginia repealed its sodomy law in March 1976.[2]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

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Main article: Same-sex marriage in West Virginia

Same-sex marriage became legal in West Virginia on October 9, 2014, when Attorney General Patrick Morrisey announced he would no longer defend the state's ban on same-sex marriage in court and Governor Earl Ray Tomblin directed all state agencies to comply with recent federal court rulings that established the state's ban was unconstitutional.[3]

A state statute defines marriage as being between a man and a woman. In 2009, a bill that would amend the Constitution of West Virginia to ban same-sex marriage in the state was overwhelmingly voted down (67–30) by the House of Delegates. All 29 House Republicans voted to move the measure out of committee, along with one Democrat. The amendment was heavily supported by Evangelical groups in the state and the Family Council Policy of West Virginia.[4] In 2010, The Marriage Protection Amendment was re-introduced in both the House of Delegates and the Senate. Republican efforts to discharge the measure from the House Constitutional Revision Committee were defeated (68–30), and the amendment was later defeated in the Senate.

In December 2011, Delegate John Doyle introduced a bill to legalize civil unions in West Virginia as one of his last acts before retirement in 2012.[5][6] It was submitted to the House of Delegates in February 2012 and died without a vote.[7]

West Virginia extended hospital visitation rights to same-sex couples through a designated visitor statute.[8]

McGee v. Cole

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On October 1, 2013, Lambda Legal filed a lawsuit, McGee v. Cole, in U.S. District Court on behalf of three same-sex couples and one of their children challenging the state's denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The suit named two county clerks as defendants.[9] On November 21, West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey asked the court to allow his office to defend the state's statutes,[10] and on December 19 both he and the clerk asked the court to dismiss part of the suit.[11] On January 30, 2014, the judge assigned to the case, U.S. District Judge Robert C. Chambers, dismissed the part of the suit challenging the state's refusal to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions, since none of the plaintiffs had married elsewhere, but he invited the plaintiffs to add plaintiffs that had done so and the plaintiffs said they were considering that.[12]

On June 10, 2014, Judge Chambers ordered a stay of proceedings until a ruling in Bostic v. Shaefer, a same-sex marriage case in the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. The district judge reasoned that "because of the overlap in the issues present" the Virginia case should be decided first.[13] His order matched those in two other same-sex marriage cases in the Fourth Circuit: Harris v. Rainey, a Virginia case, and Bradacs v. Haley, a South Carolina case.

Adoption and parenting

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Married same-sex couples are permitted to adopt, and lesbian couples have access to assisted reproduction services such as in vitro fertilization. State law recognizes the non-genetic, non-gestational mother as a legal parent to a child born via donor insemination, but only if the parents are married.[14] Gestational and traditional surrogacy arrangements are valid and recognized in the state. The state treats different-sex and same-sex couples equally under the same terms and conditions.[15]

Discrimination protections

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Map of West Virginia counties and cities that had sexual orientation and/or gender identity anti–employment discrimination ordinances prior to Bostock
  Sexual orientation and gender identity with anti–employment discrimination ordinance
  Sexual orientation in public employment
  Does not protect sexual orientation and gender identity in employment
Further information: LGBT employment discrimination in the United States

State statutes do not address discrimination on account of sexual orientation or gender identity. A bill that would have prohibited discrimination based on one's sexual orientation was passed by the state Senate in March 2009,[16] though was killed by the House later that month.[17] In both 2010 and 2011, the bill was re-introduced in the House of Delegates and Senate but stalled in committee. It was re-introduced in the House and Senate in 2013, but again stalled.[18][19]

The bill was re-introduced in February 2021. It has more Republican co-sponsors than Democratic co-sponsors. The bill heads to the West Virginia House Judiciary Committee.[20]

Several cities have adopted anti-discrimination ordinances, prohibiting unfair discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the areas of employment, housing and public accommodations. These are Athens, Beckley, Charles Town, Charleston, South Charleston,[21] Fairmont,[22][23] Harpers Ferry, Huntington, Lewisburg, Martinsburg, Morgantown, Shepherdstown, Sutton, Thurmond and Wheeling.[14] In addition, Kanawha County,[24] Buckhannon,[25] and Elkins have policies banning discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity against county/city employees.[26]

Bostock v. Clayton County

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Main article: Bostock v. Clayton County

On June 15, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Bostock v. Clayton County, consolidated with Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda, and R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that discrimination in the workplace on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is discrimination on the basis of sex, and Title VII therefore protects LGBT employees from discrimination.[27][28][29]

2023 religious refusal bill

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In March 2023, a bill passed the West Virginia Legislature to implement the "religious refusal for businesses and companies" - that legally can refuse to cater to LGBT customers as well as qualified immunity to those businesses and companies. The Governor of West Virginia signed the bill into law, effective immediately.[30][31][32]

Conversion therapy law

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Statewide there are no conversion therapy laws and bills to ban the practice get introduced, but never get assigned hearings or committee meetings. In July 2021, the judicial committee council within Charleston passed an ordinance - but is awaiting an upcoming procedural final "floor vote". Charleston will become the first city within West Virginia to legally ban conversion therapy.[33] In August 2021, by a floor vote of 14-9 Charleston formally became the first city within West Virginia to legally ban conversion therapy.[34][35] In October 2021, by a vote of 7-0 Morgantown passed an ordinance to legally ban conversion therapy. The second city within West Virginia to ban the practice after Charleston.[36][37]

Transgender rights

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Further information: Transgender rights in the United States

West Virginia law permits transgender individuals to change the gender marker on their IDs, driver's licenses and birth certificates. The Vital Registration office will issue an updated birth certificate upon receipt of a completed "Birth Certificate Request Form" and a court order for gender change as well as payment of the applicable fees. The Department of Transportation will issue an updated driver's license and ID upon receipt of a completed "Gender Designation Form" signed by a licensed physician. Sex reassignment surgery and sterilization are not official requirements.[14][38] However, in July 2020, the West Virginia Supreme Court upheld a decision by Wood County Circuit Court rejecting the petitioner to change their gender marker even after completing sexual reassignment surgery.[39]

Transgender sports laws

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In April 2021, a bill passed the West Virginia Legislature that bans transgender individuals within female sports and athletics. The Governor of West Virginia Jim Justice signed the bill into law and went into legal effect on July 1. The ACLU established a lawsuit to challenge the new law.[40][41][42][43]

In July 2021, a judge did order within West Virginia that a transgender girl join the cross country girls team - despite the new West Virginia law implemented that legally bans transgender individuals in girls sports and athletics.[44]

In January 2023, a federal judge in West Virginia upheld the legislation banning transgender individuals within female sports youth teams.[45] In April 2023, the Supreme Court of the United States declined the application formally to the previous case - meaning it fully upholds the lower courts ruling.[46][47][48]

Access to Healthcare

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In August 2022, a court ruled declared that the 1997 ban on sexual reassignment surgery within West Virginia healthcare Medicaid insurance programs was unconstitutional. Transgender individuals with insurance legally must now have healthcare access to sexual reassignment surgery, effective immediately throughout the state.[49]

However, in February 2023, there was a hearing in the House of Delegates about whether to bar minors from receiving gender-affirming medical procedures.[50] The bill was formally passed by the West Virginia Legislature in March 2023, banning puberty blockers, hormone therapy, and surgery for transgender minors, except in cases of "severe dysphoria" as diagnosed by at least two physicians.[51] The Governor of West Virginia officially signed the bill into law - goes into effect from January 1, 2024.[52][53][54][55]

Public opinion

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Recent opinion polls have shown that support for LGBTQ people across the U.S. state of West Virginia is increasing significantly and opposition is decreasing.

A September 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 19% of West Virginia voters thought that same-sex marriage should be legal, while 71% thought it should be illegal and 10% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 43% of West Virginia voters supported the legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 17% supporting same-sex marriage, 26% supporting civil unions but not marriage, 54% favoring no legal recognition and 3% not sure.[56]

A September 2013 Public Policy Polling survey found that 23% of West Virginia voters thought that same-sex marriage should be legal, while 70% thought it should be illegal and 7% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 49% of West Virginia voters supported the legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 20% supporting same-sex marriage, 29% supporting civil unions but not marriage, 48% favoring no legal recognition and 4% not sure.[57]

A 2017 Public Religion Research Institute survey showed that 48% of West Virginians supported same-sex marriage, 45% were opposed and 7% were unsure.[58]

A 2022 Public Religion Research Institute poll found that 62% of West Virginia residents supported same-sex marriage, while 38% were opposed and 1% were unsure. The same poll found that 77% supported discrimination protections covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 22% were opposed. Additionally, 63% were against allowing businesses to refuse

Public opinion for LGBTQ anti-discrimination laws in West Virginia
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		% support % opposition % no opinion
Public Religion Research Institute January 2-December 30, 2019 322 ? 64% 28% 8%
Public Religion Research Institute January 3-December 30, 2018 401 ? 63% 30% 7%
Public Religion Research Institute April 5-December 23, 2017 503 ? 61% 29% 10%
Public Religion Research Institute April 29, 2015-January 7, 2016 640 ? 60% 35% 5%

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States - West Virginia". www.glapn.org.
  2. ^ William N. Eskridge, Dishonorable Passions: Sodomy Laws in America, 1861-2003 (NY: Penguin Group, 2008), 201, available online, accessed April 10, 2011
  3. ^ Maher, Kris (October 9, 2014). "West Virginia Moves Forward on Gay Marriage". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  4. ^ "West Virginia House Blocks Amendment Attempt". Queerty.com. March 31, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  5. ^ "Jefferson County Delegate Will Not Seek Reelection". WEPM Radio News. December 22, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  6. ^ "West Virginia Delegate John Doyle Plans Civil Unions Bill". On Top Magazine. December 23, 2011.
  7. ^ "Bill Introduced in W.Va. Would Allow Civil Unions". WSAZ. February 17, 2012. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  8. ^ "Hospital Visitation Rights" (PDF). Hrc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 8, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  9. ^ Snow, Justin (October 1, 2013). "West Virginia same-sex couples file lawsuit for marriage rights". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  10. ^ "WV AG to Intervene in Gay Marriage Case". Washington Post. November 22, 2013. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  11. ^ "Federal judge asked to dismiss West Virginia gay marriage suit". Cumberland Times-News. December 19, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  12. ^ "Judge allows most of lawsuit challenging W.Va. gay marriage ban to proceed". Daily Journal. January 31, 2014. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  13. ^ White, Kate (Staff Writer) (June 10, 2014). "W.Va. gay marriage suit to await higher court ruling". The Charleston (W.Va.) Gazette. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  14. ^ a b c "West Virginia's equality profile". Movement Advancement Project.
  15. ^ "What You Need to Know About Surrogacy in West Virginia". American Surrogacy.
  16. ^ "West Virginia Senate passes gay anti-discrimination bill". Queerty.com. March 16, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  17. ^ "Marriage 'scare tactic' doomed gay-rights bill". Wvgazette.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  18. ^ A bill prohibiting discrimination based upon age or sexual orientation, House of Delegates
  19. ^ A bill prohibiting discrimination based upon age or sexual orientation, Senate
  20. ^ Kosik, Haley (February 2021). "WV bill would protect gender identoty and sexual orientation under civil rights". WFXRtv. Charleston, WV.
  21. ^ "Legislature Must Catch up with Communities on Fairness Act". July 19, 2021.
  22. ^ "Fairmont City Council passes Human Rights Commission ordinance including LGBTQ protective language". Metro News. September 12, 2017.
  23. ^ "Voters in West Virginia Make History". Fairness West Virginia. November 7, 2018.
  24. ^ "County adds sexual orientation to policy". Charleston Daily Mail. April 2, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  25. ^ Crum, Travis (May 3, 2013). "Buckhannon 5th W.Va. city to pass LGBT protections". Charleston Gazette. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  26. ^ Lee, Chris (March 20, 2015). "Elkins passes nondiscrimination measure". The Inter-Mountain. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
  27. ^ Biskupic, Joan (June 16, 2020). "Two conservative justices joined decision expanding LGBTQ rights". CNN.
  28. ^ "US Supreme Court backs protection for LGBT workers". BBC News. June 15, 2020.
  29. ^ Liptak, Adam (June 15, 2020). "Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules". The New York Times.
  30. ^ https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/west-virginia/articles/2023-03-09/west-virginia-gop-governor-signs-religious-freedom-bill [bare URL]
  31. ^ "Human Rights Campaign Strongly Condemns the West Virginia Legislature for Hastily Passing Dangerous Religious Refusal Bill, Calls on Gov. Justice to Veto Bill". March 2023.
  32. ^ "BREAKING: Human Rights Campaign Condemns West Virginia Gov. Jim Justice for Signing Dangerous Religious Refusal Bill". March 9, 2023.
  33. ^ "Charleston council committee approves conversion therapy bill; full council vote next". July 28, 2021.
  34. ^ "West Virginia's capital bans conversion therapy for LGBTQ kids". August 5, 2021.
  35. ^ "Charleston Becomes 1st City in West Virginia to Protect LGBTQ Youth from Conversion Therapy – the Trevor Project". www.thetrevorproject.org. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021.
  36. ^ "Conversion therapy officially banned in Morgantown". October 20, 2021.
  37. ^ "With unanimous vote, conversion therapy for minors is now banned by Morgantown City Council; they are second West Virginia city council to enact ban". October 20, 2021.
  38. ^ "West Virginia". National Center for Transgender Equality.
  39. ^ "W.Va. Supreme Court ruling challenges a right to change a gender marker on a birth certificate – Transitioning in West Virginia". July 22, 2020.
  40. ^ "West Virginia governor signs anti-trans law as ACLU threatens lawsuit / LGBTQ Nation". April 29, 2021.
  41. ^ "West Virginia transgender athlete bill heads to governor - StarTribune.com". www.startribune.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021.
  42. ^ "Movement Advancement Project | Bans on Transgender Youth Participation in Sports".
  43. ^ "West Virginia Gov. Jim Justice Signs Anti-Trans Sports Bill into Law". April 28, 2021.
  44. ^ "Judge orders West Virginia to allow transgender girl to join girls cross-country team / LGBTQ Nation". July 22, 2021.
  45. ^ "Federal Judge rules West Virginia can ban trans youth sports". January 10, 2023.
  46. ^ Chung, Andrew (April 7, 2023). "U.S. Supreme Court declines to allow West Virginia transgender athlete ban". Reuters.
  47. ^ "High Court rejects preventing trans girl from participating in sports". April 6, 2023.
  48. ^ "Appeals court overturns West Virginia's trans sports ban". April 16, 2024.
  49. ^ "West Virginia Medicaid Must Cover Cost of Transgender Surgical Care". August 8, 2022.
  50. ^ Saunders, Anna (February 2, 2023). "Bill set to ban gender-affirming care for minors advances after public speaks against it". WCHS. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
  51. ^ "West Virginia Republican Legislature passes bill banning health care for transgender minors". USA Today.
  52. ^ "Movement Advancement Project | Health Care / Bans on Best Practice Medical Care for Transgender Youth".
  53. ^ "BREAKING: Human Rights Campaign Condemns West Virginia Gov. Jim Justice for Signing Bill Restricting Life-Saving Gender Affirming Care for Transgender Youth". March 30, 2023.
  54. ^ https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/wv-house-oks-transgender-care-ban-mental-health-97792504 [bare URL]
  55. ^ "Human Rights Campaign Condemns West Virginia Legislature for Advancing Unfair Restrictions on Gender Affirming Care for Transgender Youth". March 12, 2023.
  56. ^ Public Policy Polling: "WV against gay marriage, for Tea Party, Steelers, Reds/Bucs," September 15, 2011, accessed September 20, 2011
  57. ^ "Clinton behind Cruz, other potential Republican opponents in WV" (PDF). Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  58. ^ "PRRI: American Values Atlas 2017". ava.prri.org.
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