Level of analysis

The term "level of analysis" is a social sciences term that points to the location, size, or scale of a research target. "Level of analysis" is distinct from the term "unit of observation" in that the former refers to a more or less integrated set of relationships while the latter refers to the distinct unit from which data have been or will be gathered. Together, the unit of observation and the level of analysis help define the population of a research enterprise.

Overview

The term "level of analysis" points to the location, size, or scale of a research target. Analogous terms used in the social sciences, include "unit of analysis" and "social unit". For example, in the area of International relations, in Man, State and War, Kenneth N. Waltz creates a tripartite analysis with three different levels of analysis: the man (individual), the state (a group), and war (macro-level in the social system in which groups interact). "Level of analysis" is distinct from the term "unit of observation" or "unit of measurement" in that the former refers to a more or less integrated set of relationships while the latter refer to the distinct unit from which data have been or will be gathered. Together, the unit of observation and the level of analysis define the population of a research enterprise.

Levels (in ascending order)

Although levels of analysis are not necessarily mutually exclusive, there are three general levels into which research may fall: micro-level, meso-level or middle-range, and macro-level.

Micro-level

The smallest unit of analysis in the social sciences is an individual in their social setting. At the micro-level, also referred to as the local level, the research population typically is an individual in their social setting or a small group of individuals in a particular social context. Examples of micro-level levels of analysis include, but are not limited to, the following.

• Alien, stateless person, asylum seeker, refugee
• Person
• Citizen
• Partnership, marriage
• Families
• Household
• Neighborhood

Meso-level

In general, a meso-level analysis indicates a population size that falls between the micro- and macro-levels, such as a community or an organization. However, meso-level may also refer to analyses that are specifically designed to reveal connections between micro- and macro-levels. Sometimes referred to as mid-range, especially in sociology. Examples of meso-level units of analysis include, but are not limited to, the following.

• Clan
• Tribe
• Community
• Village, town, city
• Formal organization
• State

Macro-level

Macro-level analyses generally trace the outcomes of interactions, such as economic or other resource transfer interactions over a large population. Also referred to as the global level. Examples of macro-level units of analysis include, but are not limited to, the following.

• Nation
• Society
• Civilization
• International
• Global

"Level of analysis" in political science

In political science, level of analysis is generally divided into three categories - individual, state, and international system. Although, the three levels of analysis cannot describe every effect and there is unlimited number of levels between the three primary ones, levels of analysis will help understand how one force in political power affects another. Generally, power is the concept that collects all the analysis together. For example, the struggle for power may be the cause of war, but the struggle for power may originate in the individual human being's lust for power. The lust for power is individual level of analysis, while the struggle for power is systemic level of analysis.

Individual level

The individual level of analysis locates the cause of events in individual leaders or the immediate circle of decision makers within a particular country. It focuses on human actors on the world stage identifying the characteristics of human decision making. For example, the cause of World War I is from the particular leaders in power at that time. Kaiser Wilhelm II is considered to be the level from which the cause originated. It may have been his need for power to hide a sense of inferiority, or it may have been his inability to understand the intricacies of statecraft, the way Otto von Bismarck did. Or it may have been his idea about the monarchy and German destiny. All three possibilities are drawn from an individual level of analysis.

Domestic level

The domestic level of analysis locates causes in the character of the domestic system of specific states. Thus, war is caused by aggressive or warlike states, not by evil, inept, or misguided people or the structure of power in the international system. The failure of domestic institutions may also cause war. In World War I, the internal collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, or the brittle coalition inside Germany of agricultural and industrial interest, such as rye and iron, are often cited as important causes. Domestic level cases may come from various characteristics of the domestic system. Capitalist and socialist economies generate different attitudes and behavior. The Muslim and Christian religions or democratic and nondemocratic political ideologies do as well. Stable and failed institutions are domestic level factors affecting state behavior. A great worry today is the existence of failed states, meaning states whose domestic institutions have broken down, such as Somalia. Another worry is here existence of a rogue state, such as North Korea, which may pass nuclear weapons on to terrorists. Any type of state come from the domestic level of analysis, but a failed state usually means an institutional breakdown at domestic level of analysis, whereas a rogue state often implies evil intentions by individual – individual level of analysis.

Systemic level

The systemic level of analysis explains outcomes from a system wide level that includes all states. It takes into account both the position of states in the international system and their interrelationships. The position of states constitutes the systemic structural level of analysis. This involves the relative distribution of power, such as which state; great, middle, or small power, and geopolitics; such as which state is sea or land power. The interaction of states constitutes the systemic process level of analysis. At this level, we are concerned with which state aligns with which other states and which state negotiates with which other states. Thus, we can explain World War I in terms of the absence of system wide institutions, such as League of Nations, which was not created until after World War I to prevent such wars in the future. However, system wide institution does not always mean harmony among nations, as seen in the World War II. The cause of World War II is seen as the failure of a systemic institution, which led new institutions of the United Nations to carry on reformed legacy of the League of Nations.

See also

• Statistical unit
• Social groups
• Social network
• Social category

Further reading

• Babbie, Earl (2004). The Practice of Social Research (10th ed.), Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc. ISBN 0-534-62029-9.
• Jepperson, Ronald and John W. Meyer (2011). "Multiple Levels of Analysis and the Limitations of Methodological Individualisms." Sociological Theory, 29(1): 54–73.

External links

• Rourke, John T . (2005). "Levels of analysis", from International Politics on the World Stage, (10th ed.)
• Megas, Achilleas (2008). "The Level Analysis Meta-theoretical Problem: International Studies Assessment." Third International Conference on Interdisciplinary Social Sciences.
• Core-Biological level of analysis.