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List of refractive indices

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Refraction at interface.svg

Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices depend strongly upon the frequency of light. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength of 589 nanometers.

There are also weaker dependencies on temperature, pressure/stress, etc., as well on precise material compositions (presence of dopants, etc.); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less. Thus, it is especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required.

In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength—thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the extinction coefficient . Such losses become particularly significant, for example, in metals at short (e.g. visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the refractive index.

Refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection of light at the interface between two media.

List

Some representative refractive indices
Material λ (nm) n Ref.
Vacuum 1 (by definition)
Air at STP 1.000277
Gases at 0 °C and 1 atm
Air 529.29 1.000293 [1]
Carbon dioxide 589.29 1.001 [2][3][4]
Helium 589.29 1.000036 [1]
Hydrogen 589.29 1.000132 [1]
Liquids at 20 °C
Arsenic trisulfide and sulfur in methylene iodide 1.9 [5]
Benzene 589.29 1.501 [1]
Carbon disulfide 589.29 1.628 [1]
Carbon tetrachloride 589.29 1.461 [1]
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) 589.29 1.361 [1]
Silicone oil 1.336–1.582 [6]
Water 589.29 1.330 [1]
10% Glucose solution in water 589.29 1.3477 [7]
20% Glucose solution in water 589.29 1.3635 [7]
60% Glucose solution in water 589.29 1.4394 [7]
Solids at room temperature
Titanium dioxide (rutile phase) 589.29 2.614 [8][9]
Diamond 589.29 2.419 [1]
Silicon carbide (Moissanite) 2.65–2.69
Strontium titanate 589.29 2.41 [10]
Amber 589.29 1.55 [1]
Fused silica (a pure form of glass, also called fused quartz) 589.29 1.458 [1][11]
Sodium chloride 589.29 1.544 [12]
Other materials
Liquid helium 1.025
Water ice 1.31
TFE/PDD (Teflon AF) 1.315 [13][14]
Cryolite 1.338
Cytop 1.34 [15]
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) 1.35–1.38 [16]
Sugar solution, 25% 1.3723 [17]
Cornea (human) 1.373/1.380/1.401 [18]
Lens (human) 1.386–1.406
Liver (human) 964 1.369 [19]
Intestinal mucosa (human) 964 1.329-1.338 [20]
Kerosene 1.39
Sylgard 184 (polydimethylsiloxane) 1.4118 [21]
Sugar solution, 50% 1.4200 [17]
Polylactic acid 1.46 [22]
Pyrex (a borosilicate glass) 1.470 [23]
Glycerol 1.4729
Sugar solution, 75% 1.4774 [17]
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 1.4893–1.4899
Acrylic glass 1.490–1.492
Halite (rock salt) 1.516
Crown glass (pure) 1.50–1.54
PETg 1.57
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 1.5750
Polycarbonate 0.15e9 1.60 [24]
Crown glass (impure) 1.485–1.755
Flint glass (pure) 1.60–1.62
Bromine 1.661
Flint glass (impure) 1.523–1.925
Sapphire 1.762–1.778
Boron nitride 2-2.14 [25]
Cubic zirconia 2.15–2.18 [26]
Potassium niobate (KNbO3) 2.28
Zinc oxide 390 2.4
Cinnabar (mercury sulfide) 3.02
Silicon 1200 - 8500 3.42–3.48 [27]
Gallium(III) phosphide 3.5
Gallium(III) arsenide 3.927
Germanium 3000 - 16000 4.05–4.01 [28]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Zajac, Alfred; Hecht, Eugene (18 March 2003). Optics, Fourth Edition. Pearson Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-321-18878-6.
  2. ^ Morgan, Joseph (1953). Introduction to Geometrical and Physical Optics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC.
  3. ^ Hodgman, Charles D. (1957). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
  4. ^ Pedrotti, Frank L.; Pedrotti, Leno M.; Pedrotti, Leno S. (2007). Introduction to Optics, Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 221. ISBN 0-13-149933-5.
  5. ^ Meyrowitz, R, A compilation and classification of immersion media of high index of refraction, American Mineralogist 40: 398 (1955)
  6. ^ "Silicone Fluids: Stable and Inert Material" (PDF). Gelest, Inc. 1998.
  7. ^ a b c Lide, David R. Lide, ed. (2001). CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry (82nd ed.). Cleveland, OH: The Chemical Rubber Company. ISBN 0-8493-0482-2.
  8. ^ Polyanskiy, Mikhail N. "Optical constants of TiO2 (Titanium dioxide)". Refractive Index Database.
  9. ^ Shannon, Robert D.; Shannon, Ruth C.; Medenbach, Olaf; Fischer, Reinhard X. (25 October 2002). "Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides" (PDF). J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 31 (4). American Institute of Physics: 931–970.
  10. ^ Frye, Asa; French, R. H.; Bonnell, D. A. (2003). "Optical properties and electronic structure of oxidized and reduced single-crystal strontium titanate" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Metallkunde. 94 (3): 226. doi:10.3139/146.030226. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  11. ^ Tan, G; Lemon, M.; Jones, D.; French, R. (2005). "Optical properties and London dispersion interaction of amorphous and crystalline {SiO2} determined by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry" (PDF). Physical Review B. 72 (20). Bibcode:2005PhRvB..72t5117T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.205117. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  12. ^ Serway, Raymond A.; Faughn, Jerry S. (2003). College Physics, 6th Edition. Brooks/Cole. p. 692. ISBN 978-0-03-035114-3.
  13. ^ "Teflon AF". Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  14. ^ Yang, Min K. (July 2008). "Optical properties of Teflon® {AF} amorphous fluoropolymers" (PDF). Journal of Micro/Nano Lithography. 7 (3): 033010. doi:10.1117/1.2965541. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  15. ^ "CYTOP Amorphous Fluoropolymer". AGCCE Chemicals Europe, Ltd. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  16. ^ French, Roger H.; Rodriguez-Parada, J. M.; Yang, M. K.; et al. (2009). "Optical properties of materials for concentrator photovoltaic systems" (PDF). IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference: 000394. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411657. ISBN 978-1-4244-2949-3. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  17. ^ a b c "Manual for Sugar Solution Prism" (PDF). A/S S. Frederiksen. 03.08.05. Retrieved 2012-03-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Patel, S; Marshall, J; Fitzke, FW 3rd. (March–April 1995). "Refractive index of the human corneal epithelium and stroma". J Refract Surg. 11 (2): 100–105. PMID 7634138.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Giannios, P; et, al (2016). "Visible to near-infrared refractive properties of freshly-excised human-liver tissues: marking hepatic malignancies". Sci. Rep. 6: 27910. doi:10.1038/srep27910.
  20. ^ Giannios, P; al, et (2016). "Complex refractive index of normal and malignant human colorectal tissue". J. Biophotonics. doi:10.1002/jbio.201600001.
  21. ^ "184 Silicone Elastomer" (PDF) (Product Information). Dow Corning. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  22. ^ Gonçalves, Carla M. B.; Coutinho, Joa˜o A. P.; Marrucho, Isabel M. (2010). "Poly(Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, and Applications; Chapter 8: Optical Properties". p. 97. doi:10.1002/9780470649848.ch8. ISBN 9780470649848. Retrieved 25 October 2012. {{cite web}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  23. ^ University of Liverpool. "Absolute Refractive Index". Materials Teaching Educational Resources. MATTER Project. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  24. ^ C. R. Garcia, J. Correa, D. Espalin, J. H. Barton, R. C. Rumpf, R. Wicker, V. Gonzalez, "3D Printing of Anisotropic Metamaterials," PIER Lett, Vol. 34, pp. 75-82, 2012.
  25. ^ "Combat Boron Nitride" (PDF). Saint Gobain. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  26. ^ French, Roger H.; Glass, S.; Ohuchi, F.; et al. (1994). "Experimental and theoretical determination of the electronic structure and optical properties of three phases of {ZrO2}" (PDF). Physical Review B. 49 (8): 5133. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..49.5133F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5133. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  27. ^ "Silicon". Pmoptics.com. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  28. ^ "Germanium". Pmoptics.com. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
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