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Michael Welner

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Michael Welner
Born (1964-09-24) September 24, 1964 (age 60)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
EducationM.D., University of Miami School of Medicine; B.S., University of Miami
Years active1988 – present
Known forForensic Psychiatrist
RelativesOrli Welner (wife)
Medical career
ProfessionPsychiatrist
Sub-specialtiesForensic psychiatry
ResearchThe Depravity Standard, Forensic Peer Review, CIEEO
AwardsAmerican Psychiatric Association Award of Excellence (1997)
Websitehttp://www.forensicpanel.com

Michael Mark Welner, M.D., (born September 24, 1964, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American forensic psychiatrist [1] and Chairman of The Forensic Panel.[2][3] Welner is best known for his work in sensitive and complex litigation.[4][5][6] He has acted as lead forensic psychiatric examiner in numerous criminal or court proceedings of national and international prominence, including precedent-setting trials and higher court decisions.[7][8][9][10] Welner is also known for a number of innovations in forensic science, forensic psychiatry and justice, including protocols for prospective peer review in forensic medicine consultation,[11][12] research to standardize an evidence-based distinction of the worst crimes,[13][14] The Depravity Standard,[15] and recommendations for upgrading forensic science assessment.[16][17] He has been featured in network television news coverage of forensic psychiatry issues,[18][19][20][21] has authored publications for professional and public audiences, and has contributed to emerging legislation on mental health reform.[22]

Personal and professional background

Welner is the youngest of four children. Both his parents were born in Poland and lost their families in the Holocaust. His father Nick was civil engineer; his mother Barbara, who dropped out of school as a wartime refugee, entered nursing school in Britain unable to speak English and finished as valedictorian, going on to specialize in gerontology.[23] Dr. Welner lost both of his sisters in accidental deaths. Dr. Welner’s oldest sister, Sandra Welner, M.D. was a Maryland-based gynecologist who fought through severe neurological disabilities suffered in a stroke to become internationally renowned for her medical research and advocacy for the medical care of the disabled before her untimely death in 2001.[24]

Michael Welner graduated high school at the age of 15, then attended the University of Miami, where he earned a B.S. in Biology, before moving on to the University of Miami School of Medicine.[25] While an undergraduate and medical student, he announced radio play-by-play for the University of Miami Hurricanes baseball and football teams – he would later credit game announcing as his best training for future success as a testifying expert witness.[26]

After completing a psychiatry residency and fellowship training, he joined the corrections psychiatry unit at Bellevue Hospital in New York and the NYU School of Medicine.[27] He has maintained a clinical practice since 1992, specializing in patients who have difficulty responding to treatment, and has been Board Certified in Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology and Disaster Medicine.[28] He is married to Orli Welner, a corporate attorney.[25]

Notable cases

Welner is best known for his role in a range of legal cases within the criminal and civil courts. Those of particular prominence or legal significance include:

U.S. vs. Brian David Mitchell – Elizabeth Smart kidnappers

Brian David Mitchell, a self-proclaimed prophet, was charged along with his wife in connection with the 2002 kidnapping of Elizabeth Smart. In a case involving the complexities of determining religious zeal from psychosis, Mitchell had been found not competent to stand trial in 2005. Mitchell then began a consistent pattern of singing hymns in court and silence to forensic examiners.[29]

Subsequent evaluations in a state hospital, with which Mitchell did not cooperate, deemed Mitchell to be unchanged – and therefore incompetent. Three years passed, and the case was contemplated for dismissal in state court when federal prosecutors asked Dr. Welner to study the matter to a definitive end.[29] He filed a 206-page report detailing extensive new information uncovered in his evaluation,[30] and testified to his conclusions that Mitchell was competent. At a 2010 hearing, Justice Dale Kimball ruled Mitchell was competent to proceed.[31][32]

The case proceeded to trial, where Dr. Welner testified that Mitchell was a pedophile, a sadist, personality disordered, and not legally insane.[29] His testimony drew particular attention to cognitive distortions as they differ from delusions,[30][33] and culture-specific beliefs of fundamentalist LDS adherents. Mitchell was convicted and sentenced to life in prison.[34] The defense waived its right to appeal.[35]

State of Alabama vs. Harvey Updyke – Auburn-Alabama football rivalry

Harvey Updyke, a fanatic of Alabama Crimson Tide football, was charged with poisoning the iconic trees at Auburn University’s Toomer’s Corner in 2011.[36] Updyke’s actions, which inspired an ESPN 30 for 30 documentary film, became a symbol of the intensity of the Alabama-Auburn football rivalry.[37] At the same time, Updyke continued to exhibit bizarre behavior after his original arrest.[38]

The case reflected on the forensic psychiatric significance of fans’ response to emotional defeats, as evidenced by the Auburn defeat of Alabama in November 2010,[39] and the social culture of spectator sports message boards.[40] Prosecutors consulted Welner to review the Updyke history and appraise the boundaries of sports fanaticism vs. mental illness, assess his mental state and criminal responsibility.[41] Updyke pleaded guilty prior to trial.[42]

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Richard Baumhammers

Richard Baumhammers, who in 2000 went on a rampage shooting in Pittsburgh, killed six people of different ethnicities (Jewish, Indian, Chinese, Vietnamese, African American), before being apprehended in the sport utility vehicle he was driving from death scene to death scene.[43] Welner was retained by prosecutors to examine Baumhammers, whose proceedings raised competency[44] and criminal responsibility questions due to his history of treated mental illness.[45]

In his investigation of whether the case reflected a bizarre motive vs. ethnic hatred, Welner focused on evidence of the defendant’s preference for white supremacist message boards, earlier hate incidents preceding any diagnosis of mental illness, family history with which the defendant identified,[45] and relied upon collateral interviews (all admitted hearsay) before the jury.[43] Welner concluded Baumhammers had delusional disorder and testified that while the defendant had a psychotic illness, it was incidental to his crime, which was driven by ethnic hatred.[46] The jury convicted Baumhammers and gave him the death penalty.[47] The verdict and sentence have been upheld on repeated appeals.[43][48]

State of Texas vs. Andrea Yates

Andrea Yates was prosecuted by the State of Texas for the murder of her five children. She claimed legal insanity as a defense at trial for the murder of three of her children. In 2002, Yates was convicted of murder, and sentenced her to life imprisonment. In 2005, the conviction was overturned because the prosecution witness, Park Dietz, falsely testified that Yates' behavior and defense was identical to an earlier episode of Law & Order. There was no such episode.[49] In anticipation of the 2006 retrial for the drowning of her five children, prosecutors asked Welner to assess her diagnosis and Yates’ appreciation of the wrong of killing her children at the time of the crime, the criteria for legal insanity. In the videotaped interview with Welner, Yates admitted that she had actually determined to kill the children two months earlier and at a time of relative stability, and was waiting for her first occasion to be alone with them. She knew she would otherwise be stopped. Welner diagnosed Yates with psychotic depression, but concluded that she elected to kill her children because she was overwhelmed, timed with the departure of her mother-in-law that left her as sole caregiver of her five children. Welner also discovered that Andrea Yates locked up the family dog, which was usually free to run around in the house, before drowning the children. Welner included this as one of 68 examples of Yates’ appreciation of the wrong of killing her children at the time it happened.[50]

With Welner’s examination still ongoing, prosecutors called Deitz at the second trial to testify once again that Yates did not appreciate the wrong of her actions; Dietz also testified that Yates was not grossly psychotic.[51] Welner later testified that while Yates was psychotic, she appreciated the wrong of her actions. The presiding judge neither allowed the jury access to Welner’s 124-page report, nor allowed him to testify to the contents of his interviews of 23 witnesses, including Ms. Yates’ husband. Prosecutors did not show Welner’s 14-hour interview to the jury, nor introduce psychological testing evidence showing her lack of remorse.[52] The jury, which had been culled from a group that was already familiar with heavy news reporting in the earlier trial[53] and without individual voir dire for their feelings about the case, found Yates not guilty by reason of insanity.

In the aftermath, Yates jurors who later acknowledged personal experiences with mental illness championed the verdict as a landmark. Foreman Todd Frank offered the verdict also conveyed a message to society. "Don't let this happen again. Do what you've got to do with the legislation, with insurance companies," Frank said.”[54] Welner has in turn cautioned that overwhelmed, ill or drug addicted mothers who previously contemplate the killing their children as unthinkable would look to Andrea Yates’ being sent to a hospital and consider child homicide as an option,[45] adding of filicide, “nobody speaks for the children.”[55]

State of Louisiana vs. Damon Thibodeaux

Damon Thibodeaux confessed in 1996 to raping and murdering a cousin, Crystal Champagne. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death.[56] Although appeals upheld the verdict, defense attorneys raised numerous points to the Jefferson Parish District Attorney to argue that Thibodeaux was innocent. No DNA evidence was dispositive and no other perpetrator had been identified beyond speculation. Given the importance of Thibodeaux’ confession to the evidence against Thibodeaux, District Attorney Paul Connick asked Welner to review the available evidence, the circumstances of the interrogation and the setting in which it occurred, as well as Thibodeaux’ vulnerabilities, to inform their decision-making about the case. Dr. Welner also conducted a videotaped interview of Thibodeaux, in a case that featured considerable cooperation by prosecution and defense with his protocol.[57] Welner concluded the confession was false because physical findings grossly contradicted Thibodeaux’ statements. He issued a 53-page opinion addressing the causes and factors leading to the false confession. These included the defendant’s profound guilt over the fate of his cousin, being confronted with his failed polygraph, and police convincing him that what Thibodeaux himself conceded were false statements in the interrogation clinched his guilt and made continuing denials hopeless.[57] Informed of Dr. Welner’s conclusions, the District Attorney moved to vacate the confession and Thibodeaux was released.[56] The murder of Crystal Champagne remains under investigation.

State of Kansas vs. Cheever

Scott Cheever was arrested for the shooting death of Sheriff Matthew Samuels at a rural methamphetamine lab. When defense attorneys raised the prospect of a psychiatric defense, federal prosecutors retained Welner to examine criminal responsibility claims, ranging from psychiatric diagnoses to the effects of methamphetamine. Welner’s review of the case included a videotaped interview of the defendant,[58] in which they discussed the events of the crime, his movements before and during the shooting of Samuels, and what was influencing his decisions.

Defense attorneys at trial instead offered a defense of methamphetamine intoxication. Welner, whose own inquiry had studied what Cheever took, when he took it, and amphetamine’s effects on his behavior, and testified in rebuttal that Cheever was making decisions and controlling his actions from moment to moment before the crime, despite having used methamphetamine a short time earlier. Cheever was convicted and eventually sentenced to death.[59]

The Kansas Supreme Court reversed the verdict, and ruled that the trial court erred in permitting prosecutors to call Welner as a witness because an intoxication defense was not a mental health defense. In the court’s opinion, the error required a new trial because Welner’s testimony included a detailed accounting of Cheever’s actions in his own words, and was, “extensive and devastating.”[59] In a rare outcome, The United States Supreme Court then unanimously reversed the Kansas Supreme Court, ruling that an intoxication defense, when raised by a defendant, waived a Fifth Amendment protection, that prosecutors had a right to call Welner in rebuttal, and reinstated the verdict and death sentence.[58]

U.S. vs. Omar Khadr

Khadr, a fifteen-year-old Canadian expatriate living in Afghanistan, was charged with the killing of U.S. Army medic Christopher Speer at an al-Qaeda safe house in Khost. Khadr was captured by American forces on July 27, 2002 and held first in Bagram, Afghanistan and then at Guantanamo Bay detention camp. He was prosecuted through a U.S. military tribunal.[60]

The Department of Defense engaged Welner to examine claims by Khadr that his confessions were coerced, or alternatively, that he was too immature to withstand interrogation. Welner was also asked to assess issues of criminal responsibility. Welner reviewed the available interrogations and secured access to intelligence sources and Khadr’s classified file. He interviewed guards, interrogators, medical personnel, Guantanamo camp commanders, intelligence data analysts, and then, Khadr himself.[61] Welner concluded Khadr’s confessions were the product of his being confronted with later-recovered video of his assembling bombs, and video of his asserting that he wanted to kill many Americans. Welner’s inquiry also led him to repudiate defense claims that Khadr had been tortured.[60] He came to the impression of Khadr as wordly beyond his years, from the range of his travel and interactions to experiences with other languages and translating al-Qaeda meetings for his father, to evasion techniques he manifested in interrogations with senior intelligence personnel.[62] After a lengthy proceeding, Judge Patrick Parrish admitted Omar Khadr’s confessions into evidence, ruling, “there isn’t credible evidence the accused was ever tortured…even using a liberal interpretation considering the accused’s age.”[63]

Military prosecutors also asked Welner to assess Mr. Khadr’s likelihood of recidivism into radical jihadism upon release, for presentation at a sentencing hearing. Welner based his assessment on clinical data, research on deradicalization programs, research on incarcerated Muslim youth, and statistics of recidivism of Guantanamo detainees.[64] At the sentencing proceeding, Welner testified that Mr. Khadr was a high risk of recidivism into dangerous jihadist activities, although he did not expect him to be directly violent.[64] Factors contributing to Welner’s opinion included Khadr’s continued strong enmeshment with his jihadist family and its legacy, the international and financial infrastructure available to him, his stature among other detainees, among other factors.[61] Referencing Mr. Khadr’s evolution at Guantanamo, Welner’s testimony noted that then 24-year-old Khadr had been “marinating in jihad,” and how the deputy camp commander characterized him as a “rock star” to other inmates who engaged him to lead them.[64] The jury sentenced Khadr to 40 years in prison, though preempted by a pre-existing plea bargain, he was to serve no more than eight additional years at either Guantanamo Bay or in a Canadian prison. A defense appeal directed at Welner’s testimony was summarily dismissed.[65]

In March 2011, Canadian Public Safety Minister Vic Toews wrote to U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, asserting that Canada would need to review the sealed tape of Welner’s interview in order to consider repatriating Khadr.[66] After reviewing the interviews, Canada repatriated Khadr on September 29, 2012 under heavy pressure from the United States government. However, Canada echoed Welner’s previously stated concerns about the nature of Khadr’s dangerousness and placed him in a maximum security facility.[67] In October 2013, Khadr’s prison transfer application, considered independently of Welner’s involvement, was denied.[68]

The Forensic Panel

Welner is the founder and chairman of The Forensic Panel, a multi-specialty forensic practice which employs peer-review of its forensic consultation. The objective of peer review, pursuant to the protocols established by The Forensic Panel, is intended to minimize examiner bias by subjecting forensic assessment to the formal evaluation and scrutiny of peers, who critique the diligence, objectivity, and adherence to standards of the work.[69] The Forensic Panel is composed of over thirty practitioner members who provide forensic consultation in psychiatry, psychology, neuroradiology, emergency and critical care medicine, nursing, toxicology, and pathology.

The Depravity Standard and other research

Depravity Standard/Depravity Scale

Welner has pioneered research to operationalize an evidence-based approach for courts and juries charged with defining "heinous", "depraved", and "evil" crimes in sentencing determinations.[70] The Depravity Standard contains twenty-five components of intent, actions, victimology, and attitudes associated with criminal offenses.[71] The goal of the research is to promote an emphasis on gathering evidence as opposed to relying on impressionistic arguments, and to establish a methodology that prevents bias based on race, diagnosis, prognosis, or history, socioeconomics, or other personal factors.[72] The application of the Depravity Standard distinguishes particular crimes by their severity relative to other comparable crimes. For example, the Depravity Standard’s application will enable the distinction of the worst of murder relative to other murders, the worst of assault relative to other assaults, and the worst of white collar crimes and thefts relative to comparable crimes.[73]

The Depravity Standard is an inventory of evidence relating to the different stages of a crime – before, during, and after. The Depravity Scale, an internet-based series of surveys and a component of the Depravity Standard research,[74] has established public consensus for what aspects of a crime are most heinous.[71] The Depravity Standard, informed in part by this data, by higher court decisions, and by evidence from adjudicated cases,[75] is not a psychological evaluation or test.[74] Rather, it is an inventory to guide inexperienced jurors on what qualities of a crime may distinguish its severity if they believe them to be present.[71]

CIEEO (Clinical Inventory of the Everyday Extreme and Outrageous)

The Depravity Standard research has inspired Dr. Welner’s research into the CIEEO (Clinical Inventory of the Everyday Extreme and Outrageous), a 14-item inventory of non-criminal everyday evil reflecting a range of an actor’s intent and effects on a victim.[76] Unlike the Depravity Standard, the CIEEO is being developed to apply in clinical and screening settings to flag behaviors that warrant treatment or other intervention in order to prevent consequences at home, workplace, or community.[77] The CIEEO is inspired by the goals of vigilance for child abuse – namely, detection and identification being the first step toward intervention and treatment of the worst of behaviors.[76]

Perpetrators of drug-facilitated sex assault

Welner researched and developed the typology for classifying drug-facilitated sex assaulters. Such offenders are distinguished by setting, be it workplace, in social interactions, or doctors. The offenders found in each of these separate settings exhibit particular qualities.[78]

Media consultation, writings, and commentary

In 1992 and 1993, Welner was a media coordinator and spokesperson for the Ross Perot presidential election campaign in New York and the citizen action organization United We Stand America, also in New York.[79][80] During the 1992 election campaign, Welner debated in support of Perot against other candidates’ representatives.

Welner has been a contributor to network news including ABC, CBS, and BBC and to programs such as Larry King Live, on issues relating to forensic psychiatry and criminal behavior.[81][82][83][84][85][86]

Selected bibliography

  • Peer-Reviewed Forensic Consultation: Safeguarding Expert Testimony and Protecting the Uninformed Court. Welner M., Mastellon T, Stewart J, Weinert B, Stratton J. Jl Forensic Psychology Practice. (in print)
  • Disaster Psychiatry. Welner M, Page J In: Disaster Preparedness for Health Care Facilities Canadian Centre of Excellence in Emergency Preparedness
  • Mob Violence: A Forensic Psychiatric Perspective on Justice and Prevention. Welner M Empire State Prosecutor Fall 2011 pp 12–16
  • Defining Evil Through the Depravity Standard and the Clinicians Inventory for the Everyday Extreme and Outrageous (CIEEO) Welner M., Mastellon T. Jl Social Sciences. 1(8) 2011 pp 41–49
  • Psychotropic Medications and Crime. Welner M., Lubit R, & Stewart J. In: Mozayani A, Raymon L (ed) Handbook of Drug Interactions: A Clinical and Forensic Guide. Humana London. 2011 pp 791–807
  • Antipsychotics Drugs and Interactions: Implications for Criminal and Civil Forensics. (book chapter) Welner, M. Opler L. In: Mozayani A, Raymon L (ed) Handbook of Drug Interactions: A Clinical and Forensic Guide. Humana London. 2011 pp 229–259
  • Educator Sexual Abuse: Two Case Reports. Burgess A, Welner M, Willis D Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 19: 4, 2010 387-402
  • Forensic Psychiatry. Welner, M. In: Wecht C., (ed) Forensic Sciences. Matthew Bender. New York. (in print)
  • Classifying Crimes by Severity: From Aggravators to Depravity, Welner M. In: Douglass J, Ressler R, Burgess A, FBI Crime Classification Manual. Jossey-Bass 2007 pp 55–72.
  • Psychopathy, Media, and the Psychology at the Root of Terrorism Welner, M. In: Biological and Chemical Warfare Lawyers and Judges Publishing Tucson Az. 2004 pp 385–421.
  • Motives in Crime. Welner, M. In: Dominick J et al. Crime Scene Investigation Elwin Street London. 2004 pp 126–135.
  • The Perpetrators and Their Modus Operandi. Welner, M. In: LeBeau M, Mozayani A (ed) Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault. Academic Press. London. 2001 pp 39–74.

References

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  2. ^ Psychiatry, the Law, and Depravity: Profile of Michael Welner, M.D., trutv.com, 22 December 2008
  3. ^ "Interview with Michael Welner". Criminaljusticeprograms.com. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  4. ^ Lee, Stephen J. "From Death Row, Rodriguez discusses murder of Dru Sjodin". Grand Forks Herald. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  5. ^ Taylor, Drew. "Bond Revoked for Harvey Updyke". Opelika-Auburn News. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  6. ^ Welner, Michael. "Selected Court Cases". The Forensic Panel. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  7. ^ Setrakian, Lara (2006-07-27). "Despite Not Guilty Verdict, Doctor Who Examined Yates is Unconvinced". abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
  8. ^ Perkel, Colin (2012-07-24). "'I'm OK around anybody,' Omar Khadr says in interview sought by Vic Toews". news.nationalpost.com. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  9. ^ Effron, Lauren (2011-08-19). "Dr. Michael Welner Describes Evaluating Elizabeth Smart's Kidnapper Brian David Mitchell". abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
  10. ^ Totenberg, Nina (2013-12-11). "Supreme Court Bolsters Prosecutor's Use of Psychiatric Exam". npr.org. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
  11. ^ Burgess, Ann Wolbert; Welner, Michael; Willis, Danny G. (2010). "Educator Sexual Abuse: Two Case Reports". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 19 (4): 387–402. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  12. ^ Welner, M.; Mastellon T; Stewart J; Weinert B; Stratton J (December 2012). "Peer-Reviewed Forensic Consultation: Safeguarding Expert Testimony and Protecting the Uninformed Court". JI Forensic Psychology Practice: 1–34.
  13. ^ Douglas, J.; Burgess, A. W.; Burgess, A. G.; Ressler, R. K. (2013). Crime Classification Manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crime. John Wiley & Sons. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  14. ^ Reinhard, K; Welner M; Okoye M; Marotta M; Plank G; Anderson B; Mastellon T (January 2013). "Applying Forensic Anthropological Data in Homicide Investigation to The Depravity Standard". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 20 (1): 27–39.
  15. ^ Barton, Valerie L. (2009). "Knowing Evil When We See It: An Attempt to Standardize Heinous, Atrocious, and Cruel". Nova Law Review. 33 (679).
  16. ^ Welner, M.; Robinson, D. (2013-01-28). "Three Steps That Can Upgrade Psychiatric Evidence". National Law Journal.
  17. ^ Robinson, D.; Welner, M. (2013-10-31). "Judges can Follow Certain Standards so Evidence Doesn't Mislead". Chicago Daily Law Bulletin.
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  23. ^ "A tribute to one, for the benefit of millions". Associated Press. 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
  24. ^ Welner, Sandra L. (2003). Book Review: Welner's Guide to the Care of Women with Disabilities: A Comprehensive Guide to Care. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. ISBN 9780781735322. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
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  30. ^ a b "Brian David Mitchell CST Report" (PDF). (1.56 MB)
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  47. ^ "Statement by Judge Manning in Baumhammers' sentencing". Post Gazette. 2001-09-07. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
  48. ^ "Judge nixes new death trial for Pa. mass killer". Associated Press. 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
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  51. ^ Lezon, Dale (2006-07-13). "Yates not 'grossly psychotic' before drownings, Dietz testifies". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
  52. ^ Welner, Michael (2006-12-03). "What the Yates Jury Never Knew". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
  53. ^ O'Hare, Peggy (2006-06-23). "Yates jurors asked to set aside preconceptions". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
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  57. ^ a b "Damon Thibodeaux Press Release" (PDF). (16 KB)
  58. ^ a b "Supreme Court Opinion Kansas v Cheever" (PDF). (100 KB)
  59. ^ a b "STATE of Kansas, Appellee, v. Scott D. CHEEVER, Appellant". Supreme Court of Kansas. 2012-08-24. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
  60. ^ a b "US vs Omar Khadr Report" (PDF). (3.33 MB)
  61. ^ a b Gollum, Mark (2012-07-19). "Omar Khadr: Peace-loving Canadian or al-Qaeda royalty?". CBC News. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
  62. ^ Levant, Ezra (2012-05-29). "Omar Was Not A Child Soldier". The Source. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
  63. ^ "US vs Omar Khadr Suppression Motions" (PDF). (2.63 MB)
  64. ^ a b c "Dr. Welner Testimony Transcript" (PDF). (1.56 MB)
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  69. ^ Ramsland, Katherine. "Profile of Dr. Michael Welner forensic psychiatrist - The Crime Library — Forensic Psychiatry — Crime Library on". Trutv.com. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  70. ^ Tucker, Neely (2007-07-23). "Giving Evil the Eye". Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
  71. ^ a b c Welner, Michael; Douglas, J.; Burgess, A. W.; Burgess, A. G.; Ressler, R. K. (2013). "Classifying crimes by severity: From aggravators to depravity". Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crime. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 55–72.
  72. ^ Welner, Michael (2003). "Response to Simon: Legal Relevance Demands That Evil Be Defined and Standardized". The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 31: 417–421.
  73. ^ "The justice and therapeutic promise of science-based research on criminal evil". The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 37 (4): 442–449. 2009.
  74. ^ a b Welner, Michael. "The Depravity Standard". Retrieved 2014-03-20.
  75. ^ "The Depravity Standard: A Call for Large Scale Homicide Case Research". Empire State Prosecutor. 2010. pp. 14–17.
  76. ^ a b Robinson, David (2013-12-26). "Seeking a Better, Fairer Method of Determining Parental Rights". Chicago Daily Law Bulletin. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  77. ^ Welner, M; Mastellon, T. (2011). "Defining Evil Through the Depravity Standard and the Clinicians Inventory for the Everyday Extreme and Outrageous". Journal of Social Sciences. 1 (8): 41–49. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  78. ^ LeBeau, M. (2001). "Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault". The Perpetrators and Their Modus Operandi. London: Academic Press.
  79. ^ CQ congressional quarterly weekly report - Congressional Quarterly, inc - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  80. ^ "Memo Bares Perot Unit's Vigil Plan". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  81. ^ "Inside Fort Hood Suspect's Mind - CBS News Video". Cbsnews.com. 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  82. ^ Fleury, Michelle (2009-02-19). "Business | Madoff victims count their losses". BBC News. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  83. ^ Welner, Michael (2006-08-24). "Inside the Mind of John Karr - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  84. ^ "CNN.com - Transcripts". Transcripts.cnn.com. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  85. ^ 04/22/2009 (2009-04-22). "Inside the Mind of the Craigslist Killer | Video - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2012-10-04. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  86. ^ "Welner: Showing VT Killer's Video Is 'Social Catastrophe'". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
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