Motorcycle frame
A motorcycle frame includes the head tube that holds the front fork and allows it to pivot. Some motorcycles include the engine as a load-bearing, stressed member. The rear suspension is an integral component in the design. Traditionally frames were steel, but titanium, aluminium, magnesium, and carbon-fibre, along with composites of these materials, are now used. Because of different motorcycles' varying needs of cost, complexity, weight distribution, stiffness, power output and speed, there is no single ideal frame design.[1]
Materials
Steel
- Examples
- Norton Featherbed frame
- Early Honda CBR600
- Most Ducati Motorcycles
Aluminium
- Examples
Carbon fibre
- Examples
Titanium
- Examples
Magnesium
- Examples
Composite
- Examples
- Bimota SB8K, composed of two aluminium alloy beams and carbon fibre plates
- MV Agusta F4 750 Serie Oro, magnesium and aluminium
Types
Spine or backbone
The motorcycle engine is suspended from a single spine.
- Examples
- Honda CB92 Benly
- MZ TS250
Single cradle
The motorcycle engine is held in a single cradle with a single spine.
Examples
Half-duplex cradle
The motorcycle engine is held in a double cradle with a single spine and single downtube.
- Examples
Full duplex cradle
The motorcycle engine is held in place within a pair of separate cradles. The Norton Featherbed frame was the classic example, but many "duplex" frames actually have a single spine beneath the tank.
- Examples
Perimeter
Two beams wrap around the engine to joint the steering head and swing arm in the shortest distance possible for better rigidity. Beams are usually made of pressed metal (steel/aluminium). The trellis frame employs the same concept but uses welded members to form a trellis instead of pressed metal.
- Examples
Beam or twin spar
Twin beams (spars) join headstock to swingarm pivot in as straight and short a line as possible. A beam frame can be very similar to the perimeter frame.
- Examples
Pressed
The frame is pressed or stamped from sheet metal to form a car-type semi-monocoque. The frame may be entirely pressed (Ariel Arrow), or may have just a pressed aft section connected to the steering head by a conventional steel tubular spine (Honda Super Cub). Both the Super Cub and the Arrow also have pressed steel forks, instead of conventional telescopic forks.
- Examples
Monocoque
Supports structural load using the external skin of the frame.
- Examples
- 1944 Piaggio MP5
- 2008 Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14
Trellis
A trellis frame connects the steering head to the swingarm pivot as directly as possible using metal tube arranged in triangulated reinforcement. Using lattice girder principles, a trellis frame is typically constructed of round or oval section metal tubular segments that are welded or brazed together. Some motorcycles, such as the Yamaha TRX850, have hybrid frames that employ alloy castings at the swingarm pivot area. A trellis frame should provide a strong, lightweight structure that simplifies placement of engine & components, and gives good maintenance access.
Although construction of a trellis frame needs a more complicated process than, say, an alloy beam frame, it requires only a simple jig and a competent welder. No heavy capital outlay is required, so a trellis frame is ideal for a model that may be made in relatively small numbers, and for this reason, the trellis frame option has found favour with European manufacturers.
- Examples
- Most modern Ducatis
- KTM 690 Enduro
- Honda VTR250
Engine as a stressed member
For rider comfort, a motorcycle's engine can be mounted on rubber bushings to isolate vibration from the rest of the machine. This strategy means the engine contributes little to frame stiffness, and absorbing rather than dissipating vibration can lead to stress damage to the frame, exhaust pipes, and other parts.[1]
Instead, if the engine is rigidly mounted to the frame, vibrations pass to and are dissipated via the whole frame, and the rider. Rigid mounting allows the engine to contribute to the overall stiffness of the frame. It also becomes possible to mount the swingarm directly to the engine rather than the frame, avoiding the need for frame members extending downward to the swingarm pivot. By increasing the number of mounting points between the engine and frame, vibrations and stress can be better dissipated in the frame, typically creating a triangle between the swingarm in the rear, the cylinder head at the top and the lower crankcase area at the front. If a rigidly mounted engine not only contributes to, but is critical to, the stiffness of the frame, and is an integral part of closing the triangle or trellis structure that transfers force from the headstock to the swingarm, to the point that without the engine the frame would be deformed, the engine is called a stressed member, or a lifted engine. Sharing the load between the engine and frame reduces the overall weight of the motorcycle.[1]
Stressed member engines were pioneered at least as early as the 1916 Harley-Davidson 8-valve racer, and incorporated in the production Harley-Davidson Model W by 1919.[6] This was called a keystone, or diamond, frame.[7][8] The 1946 Vincent Series B Rapide was designed with an advanced chassis, termed a "tour de force for its day,"[9] that included a stressed member engine. During early testing of the 1983 Kawasaki GPZ900R, twin downtubes were included, creating a full cradle, but the downtubes were found to carry little load, so they were removed, relying entirely on the combination of the steel backbone and engine for chassis rigidity.[10] BMW's R1100 series twins of 1994 relieved the frame of stress entirely, with the engine carrying the total load from the front Telelever fork to the rear Monolever.[11][12]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Cocco, Gaetano (2004), Motorcycle Design and Technology, Saint Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks Workshop/MBI, pp. 119–132, ISBN 0-7603-1990-1, retrieved 2011-02-26
- ^ "1971 Titanium Husqvarna; A bike as trick as they got", American Motorcyclist, vol. 60, no. 11, Westerville, Ohio: American Motorcyclist Association, p. 75, November 2006, ISSN 0277-9358, retrieved 2011-02-26
- ^ Cathcart, Alan (January 2008), "ELF Racing - ELF Motorcycle Chassis Designs - Retrospective;Tracing A Decade Of Radical Racebike Experimentation", Motorcyclist, pp. 50(6), ISSN 0027-2205, retrieved 2011-02-26
- ^ "1963 Ariel Leader". Retrieved 2008-11-24.
- ^ Brown, Roland (1991), Honda: the complete story, Crowood, p. 22, ISBN 1-85223-544-6
- ^ Rafferty, Tod (2001). Illustrated Directory of Harley-Davidson Motorcycles. MotorBooks International. pp. 59, 64–67. ISBN 0-7603-1126-9.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=and|2=(help) - ^ Hunt, Phil; McKay, Malcolm; Wilson, Hugo; Robinson, James (2012), Duckworth, Mick (ed.), Motorcycle: The Definitive Visual History, DK Publishing, Penguin Group, p. 310, ISBN 978-1-46540-088-8
- ^ Abdo, Edward (2012), Modern Motorcycle Technology, 2nd ed. (2nd ed.), Cengage Learning, p. 382, ISBN 9781111640644
- ^ Greg Field (2002), Classic Harley-Davidson Big Twins: Knucklehead, Panhead, Shovelhead, Motorbooks International, ISBN 9781610608817
- ^ Walker, Mick (2006), Motorcycle: Evolution, Design, Passion, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 174–175, ISBN 0-8018-8530-2
- ^ Stermer, Bill (2006), Streetbikes: Everything You Need to Know, Saint Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks Workshop/MBI, p. 155, ISBN 0-7603-2362-3, retrieved 2011-02-26
- ^ Coombs, Matthew; Shoemark, Pete (2002), Motorcycle Basics Techbook (2nd ed.), Haynes Manuals, p. 9.6, ISBN 978-1-85960-515-8
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