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Mulhouse

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"Mülhausen" redirects here. Not to be confused with Mühlhausen.

Mulhouse
Mülhausen / Milhüsa
Flag of Mulhouse
Flag
Coat of arms of Mulhouse
Coat of arms
Location of Mulhouse
Map
CountryFrance
RegionGrand Est
DepartmentHaut-Rhin
ArrondissementMulhouse
IntercommunalityMulhouse Alsace Agglomération
Government
 • Mayor (2010–2014) Jean Rottner (UMP)
Area
1
22.18 km2 (8.56 sq mi)
Population
 (2013)
112,063
 • Density5,100/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
68224 /68100, 68200
Dialling codes0389, 0369
Elevation232–338 m (761–1,109 ft)
(avg. 240 m or 790 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Mulhouse (pronounced [myluz]; Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, [mɪlˈyːzə]; Template:Lang-de; i.e. mill house) is a city and commune in eastern France, close to the Swiss and German borders.

With a population of 112,063[1] in 2013 and 284,739 inhabitants in the metropolitan area[2] in 2012, it is the largest city in the Haut-Rhin département, and the second largest in the Alsace region after Strasbourg. Mulhouse is the principal commune of the 33 making up the communauté d'agglomération Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération (M2A, population 267,759).[3]

Mulhouse is famous for its museums, especially the Cité de l’Automobile (also known as "Musée national de l’automobile") and the Musée Français du Chemin de Fer (also known as "Cité du train"), respectively the largest automobile and railway museums in the world. An industrial town nicknamed "the French Manchester",[4] Mulhouse is also the main seat of the Upper Alsace University, where the secretariat of the European Physical Society can be found.

Administration

Mulhouse is the chief city of an arrondissement of the Haut-Rhin département, of which it is a sub-prefecture.

History

See also: Timeline of Mulhouse

Legends mention the origin of the town in 58 BC, but the first written records of Mulhouse date from the twelfth century. It was part of the southern Alsatian county of Sundgau in the Holy Roman Empire. From 1354–1515 Mulhouse was part of the Décapole, an association of ten Free Imperial Cities in Alsace. The city joined the Swiss Confederation as an associate in 1515 and was therefore not annexed by France in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 like the rest of the Sundgau. An enclave in Alsace, it was a free and independent Calvinist republic, known as Stadtrepublik Mülhausen, associated with the Swiss Confederation until, after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798, it became a part of France in the Treaty of Mulhouse signed on 28 January 1798, during the Directory period of the French Revolution.

Starting in the middle of the eighteenth century, the Koechlin family pioneered cotton cloth manufacturing; Mulhouse became one of France's leading textile centers in the nineteenth century. André Koechlin (1789–1875) built machinery and started making railroad equipment in 1842. The firm in 1839 already employed 1,800 people. It was one of the six large French locomotive constructors until the merger with Elsässische Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Grafenstaden in 1872, when the company became Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques.[5]

After the Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Mulhouse was annexed to the German Empire as part of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine (1871–1918). The city was briefly occupied by French troops on 8 August 1914 at the start of World War I, but they were forced to withdraw two days later in the Battle of Mulhouse. The citizens of Alsace who unwisely celebrated the appearance of the French army, were left to face German reprisals. After World War I ended in 1918, French troops entered Alsace. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles. After the Battle of France in 1940, it was occupied by German forces until returned to French control at the end of the war in May 1945.

The town's development was stimulated first by the expansion of the textile industry and tanning, and subsequently by chemical and engineering industries from the mid 18th century. Mulhouse was for a long time called the French Manchester. In consequence, the town has enduring links with Louisiana, from which it imported cotton, and also with the Levant. The town's history also explains why its centre is relatively small.

Geography

Two rivers run through Mulhouse, the Doller and the Ill, both tributaries of the Rhine. Mulhouse is approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) away from Strasbourg and Zürich; it is 350 km (217 mi) away from Milan and about 340 km (211 mi) from Frankfurt. It is close enough to Basel, Switzerland and Freiburg, Germany to share the EuroAirPort international airport with these two cities.[6]

Climate

Climate data for Mulhouse (1981–2010 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.8
(65.8) 		21.7
(71.1) 		25.7
(78.3) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.8
(101.8) 		39.1
(102.4) 		33.7
(92.7) 		31.0
(87.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		19.9
(67.8) 		39.1
(102.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.9
(67.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.6
(42.1) 		15.5
(59.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		2.0
(35.6) 		4.6
(40.3) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		6.9
(44.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F) −23.2
(−9.8) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		1.8
(35.2) 		5.1
(41.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−23.2
(−9.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.3
(1.86) 		44.7
(1.76) 		52.3
(2.06) 		59.0
(2.32) 		90.4
(3.56) 		73.9
(2.91) 		71.2
(2.80) 		73.2
(2.88) 		69.1
(2.72) 		68.6
(2.70) 		56.7
(2.23) 		66.4
(2.61) 		772.8
(30.43)
Average precipitation days 9.3 8.7 10.0 9.9 11.6 10.2 9.8 10.1 9.0 10.3 10.1 10.5 119.7
Average snowy days 8.3 7.4 4.6 1.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.5 6.9 32.5
Average relative humidity (%) 84 81 75 72 74 74 72 76 80 84 85 84 78.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 74.0 94.1 138.1 176.1 200.1 226.0 241.3 227.7 164.3 118.5 67.8 55.1 1,783
Source 1: Météo France[7][8]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[9]

Districts

Medieval Mulhouse consists essentially of a lower and an upper town.

  • The lower town was formerly the inner city district of merchants and craftsmen. It developed around the Place de la Réunion (which commemorates its reunion with France). Nowadays this area is pedestrianised.
  • The upper town developed from the eighteenth century on. Previously, several monastic orders were established there, notably the Franciscans, Augustinians, Poor Clares and Knights of Malta.
  • The Nouveau Quartier (New District) is the best example of urban planning in Mulhouse, and was developed from 1826 on, after the town walls had been torn down (as they were in many towns in France). It is focused around the Place de la République. Its network of streets and its triangular shape are a good demonstration of the town's desire for a planned layout. The planning was undertaken by the architects G. Stolz and Félix Fries. This inner city district was occupied by rich families and the owners of local industries, who tended to be liberal and republican in their opinions.
  • The Rebberg district consists of grand houses inspired by the colonnaded residences of Louisiana cotton planters. Originally, this was the town's vineyard (the word Rebe meaning vine in German). The houses here were built as terraces in the English style, a result of the town's close relationship with Manchester, where the sons of industrialists were often sent to study.

Principal places of interest

Christmas market in Mulhouse

Principal economic activities

Main commercial areas
Campus "La Fonderie" of the Upper Alsace University

As early as the mid-19th century, Mulhouse was known as "the industrial capital of Alsace", the "city with a hundred chimneys" (cité aux cent cheminées) and "the French Manchester"[10]

Transport

Tram in Mulhouse

Air

Mulhouse is served by EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg, located 25 km (16 mi) south of the town.

Rail

Gare de Mulhouse is well connected with the rest of France by train, major destinations such as Paris, Dijon, Besançon, Belfort, Strasbourg, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier and Lille being directly possible by train. There are also some trains which operate into Switzerland, such as Basel, Bern and Zürich. There is also a train service to Frankfurt am Main in Germany. A Eurocity service connects Brussels, Luxembourg, Strasbourg and Basel; this service calls at Mulhouse.

Regional services connect Mulhouse to Colmar, Strasbourg, Basel, Belfort, Kruth and Freiburg im Breisgau.

Urban transport

Transport within Mulhouse is provided by Soléa and comprises a network of buses together with the city's tram network, which opened on 13 May 2006. The tramway now consists of three tram lines and one tram-train line.

  • Line 1 from Nouveau Bassin to Coteaux
  • Line 2 from Gare Central to Châtaignier
  • Line 3 from Gare Central to Lutterbach
  • Tram-train line from Gare Centrale to Thann via Lutterbach

Road

Motorway A36 is the main axis connecting the city with the west of the country, to cities such as Dijon, Paris and Lyon. The A35 is the main north-south axis, connecting cities such as Strasbourg and Basel.

Miscellaneous

Notable people

Mulhouse was the birthplace of:

Other notable residents
  • Adolphe Braun (1812–1877), photographer
  • Alfred de Glehn (1848–1936), designer of steam locomotives
  • Armando Thiriet Koenig (1882-1956), Industrial Engineer, Director of AEG Madrid in 1919, established an AEG subsidiary in Seville in the early 1920s

Mayors of Mulhouse

  • Jean Rottner (2010–present)
  • Jean-Marie Bockel (1989-2010)
  • Joseph Klifa (1981–1989)
  • Emile Muller (1956–1981)

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns – sister cities

Mulhouse is twinned with:

  • Israel Giv'atayim, Israel, since 1991
  • Romania Timişoara, Romania, since 1991 (Coopération décentralisée)
  • Russia Arkhangelsk, Russia, since 1992
  • Algeria El Khroub, Algeria, since 1999 (Coopération décentralisée)
  • Mali Sofara, Mali, since 2003 (Coopération décentralisée)

References

  1. ^ "Populations légales 2013 de la commune". insee.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  2. ^ "Aire urbaine de Mulhouse (034)" [Mulhouse metropolitan area]. INSEE (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  3. ^ "M2A Histoire" [M2A History]. Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  4. ^ Le sex appeal industriel de Mulhouse Template:Fr icon
  5. ^ Michael Stephen Smith, The emergence of modern business enterprise in France, 1800–1930 (2006) p. 575.
  6. ^ "Mulhouse". Tourist Office****and Conventional Bureau of Mulhouse and its Region.
  7. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Mulhouse" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  8. ^ "Climat Alsace" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  9. ^ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Bâle-Mulhouse (68) - altitude 263m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  10. ^ a b Scheurer, Marie-Philippe; Lehni, Roger; Menninger, Claude: Mulhouse, Haut-Rhin − Images du Patrimoine, Le Verger, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 1990, ISBN 2-908367-18-1 Template:Fr icon
  11. ^ "Town twinnings and international relations"Template:It icon
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