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Ngada Regency

Coordinates: 8°40′00″S 121°00′00″E / 8.6667°S 121.0000°E / -8.6667; 121.0000
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"Ngada" redirects here. For the Rengma Naga harvest festival, see Ngada festival.
Ngada Regency
Kabupaten Ngada
Regency
Coat of arms of Ngada Regency
Coat of arms
Location within East Nusa Tenggara
Location within East Nusa Tenggara
Ngada Regency is located in Flores
Ngada Regency
Ngada Regency
Ngada Regency is located in Lesser Sunda Islands
Ngada Regency
Ngada Regency
Ngada Regency (Lesser Sunda Islands)
Ngada Regency is located in Indonesia
Ngada Regency
Ngada Regency
Ngada Regency (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 8°40′00″S 121°00′00″E / 8.6667°S 121.0000°E / -8.6667; 121.0000
Country Indonesia
RegionLesser Sunda Islands
Province East Nusa Tenggara
CapitalBajawa
Government
 • RegentMarianus Sae
 • Vice RegentPaulus Soliwoa
Area
 • Total625.84 sq mi (1,620.92 km2)
Population
 (mid 2023 estimate)[1]
 • Total171,736
 • Density270/sq mi (110/km2)
Time zoneUTC+8 (ICST)
Area code(+62) 384
ReligionCatholicism (90,75%)
Islam (6,87%)
Protestantism (2,23%)
Hinduism (0,15%)
Websitengadakab.go.id

Ngada Regency is one of the regencies on the island of Flores, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. It is bordered by East Manggarai Regency to the west and Nagekeo Regency to the east, with the Flores Sea to the north and the Sawu Sea to the south. The Regency, which covers an area of 1,620.92 km2, had a population of 142,254 at the 2010 census,[2] which increased to 165,254 at the 2020 census;[3] the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 171,736 (comprising 84,763 males and 86,973 females).[1] The town of Bajawa is the capital of Ngada Regency.

History

[edit]

The Ngada Regency is one of the older regencies (kabupaten) in East Nusa Tenggara, having been formed in 1958. The regency was split into two on 2 January 2007, with the eastern part being formed into a new Nagekeo Regency. With the separate of Nagekeo, the residual Ngada now only has two main ethnic groups, the Bajawa in the south and the Riung in the north.

As is the case with other regencies across Indonesia, local events sometimes seize the headlines. For example, in December 2013 a row broke out when the Ngada Regency head (bupati), Marianus Sae, apparently became angered following an altercation over local travel arrangements. On Saturday 21 December 2013 Marianus Sae was apparently unable to obtain a seat on a local flight in East Nusa Tenggara. Angered by the situation, Sae is reported to have ordered his subordinates to blockade the runway of the Turelelo airport in Soa District (kecamatan). The incident attracted national attention leading to a formal investigation of Sae's actions.[4]

Administrative Districts

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The Ngada Regency as at 2010 was divided into nine districts (kecamatan), but since 2010 three additional districts have been created by splitting of existing districts - Inerie, Golewa Selatan (South Golewa) and Golewa Barat (West Golewa). The districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census[2] and the 2020 census,[3] together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.[1] The table also includes the locations of the administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totalling 135 rural desa and 16 urban kelurahan), and its postal codes.

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
District
(kecamatan)		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
census
2010		 Pop'n
census
2020		 Pop'n
estimate
mid 2023		 Admin
centre		 No.
of
villages		 Post
codes
53.09.01 Aimere 92.50 14,842 10,518 11,010 Aimere 10 (a) 86452
53.09.12 Jerebuu 64.90 7,252 7,506 7,817 Jerebuu 12 86451
53.09.20 Inerie 77.36 (b) 8,281 8,699 Waebela 10 86450
53.09.06 Bajawa 133.30 36,082 39,442 40,259 Surisina 22 (c) 86411
- 86419
53.09.02 Golewa 78.13 36,011 18,914 19,290 Mataloko 16 (d) 86461
53.09.18 Golewa Selatan
(South Golewa)		 98.00 (e) 12,174 13,060 Waturoka 12 86466
53.09.19 Golewa Barat
(West Golewa)		 74.59 (e) 11,260 11,849 Rakalaba 10 (f) 86460
53.09.15 Bajawa Utara
(North Bajawa)		 167.38 8,489 10,410 10,987 Watukapu 11 86413
53.09.07 Soa 91.14 12,745 14,327 14,743 Waepana 14 86422
South half 977.30 115,421 132,832 137,714 117
53.09.09 Riung (g) 327.94 13,875 16,610 17,408 Riung 16 (h) 86419
53.09.14 Riung Barat
(West Riung)		 312.49 7,759 9,222 9,645 Marunggela 10 86421
59.09.16 Wolomeze 103.19 5,338 6,590 6,969 Wangawelu 8 86423
North half 743.62 26,972 32,422 34,022 34
Totals 1,620.92 142,254 165,254 171,736 151

Notes: (a) including 2 kelurahan - Aimere and Foa.
(b) the 2010 population of the new Inerie District is included with the figures for Aimere and Jerebuu Districts. (c) including 9 kelurahan - Bajawa, Faobata, Jawameze, Kisanata, Lebijaga, Ngedukelu, Susu, Tanalodu and Trikora.
(d) including 2 kelurahan - Mataloko and Todabelu. (e) the 2010 populations of the new Golewa Selatan and Golewa Barat Districts are included with the figure for Golewa District. (f) including the kelurahan of Mangulewa.
(g) the Riung District includes 26 small offshore islands, of which the largest is Pulau Ontoloe in the northwest corner of the regency. (h) including 2 kelurahan - Benteng Tengah and Nangamese.

Language

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The principal language in Ngada is Ngadha, but there are several indigenous languages in Ngada based on their ethnicity. People from Aimere, Bajawa, Golewa, Inerie and Jerebu'u might speak the same language with minor differences, while people from Soa speak a slightly different language, and people from Riung speak a totally different language. Unable to communicate each other in their indigenous languages, they use Indonesian.

Geology, geothermy

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Mataloko[5] (administrative center of Golewa district) has a geothermal area of 996.2 ha[6] and is one of the most active geothermal fields in the Bajawa area, which stands along the southeast margin of the Bajawa Depression.[a] Its heat source is deemed to be residual magma under the young volcanic cone[7] and it generates more than 20 hot springs with temperatures up to 95 °C and flows up to 500 l/s.[8] The northern springs are likely to be associated with Inielika volcano[b] while the large group of features SW of Bajawa town are associated with Ineri cone and the many small recent eruptive centres to the east.[8] The hot spring water is of acid sulfate (SO4) type[7] — except for that at Nage where the waters are acid sulphate – chloride type.[8] It results from shallower ground water being heated by gases containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and the ground water recharged from the surrounding area. Recharged meteoric water flows down underground, changes to geothermal brine, flows back up toward the southeast and results in a geothermal reservoir. [7]
As of 2022, Mataloko geothermal field has a total of 6 wells: 2 exploration wells (MT-1 and MT-2),[10] which were drilled by the Japan-Indonesia Cooperation Research Program;[7][c] 2 delineation wells (MT-3 and MT-4); 1 development well (MT-5); and 1 injection well (MT-6).[10] Mataloko geothermal power plant has been in operation since 1998.[11]

The locals do not accept that geothermal project for several reasons. Damages to 1,579 houses in 11 villages are mentioned[d] in 2022. The roofs, most of them made of iron sheets, are corroded by the sulphur gas. The sulphur also affects agricultural crops such as cloves, coffee and cacao. And there are complaints about the strong sulphur smell from the power plant.[11]

Tourism

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One of the ancient megalithic structures in the village of Bena.

Ngada Regency is one of the poorest regions in Indonesia but its popularity is increasing among international tourists, which somewhat brings a boost to the local economy.[12]

The two most visited areas in the Ngada region are Bena[13] and Wogo, both traditional villages with megalithic complexes.[14] In Ngadha culture, the traditional houses have an important role as organizational units, as villagers must each belong to a house, thereby a clan.[15] Clan totems can be ornately crafted symbols of this social organization.[12]

Two hot springs are relatively easily accessible: Malanage and Mangeruda.[16]
Malanage hot spring (Tiworiwu, Jerebuu district), to the east of the Inerie volcano, is 20 km south of Bajawa and near the traditional villages of Nio or Ngio (2 km east), Niki Sie (4 km south-east), Nua Olo (7 km south-east), Bowaru (2 km south), Pali Ana Loka (12 km south) Tololela (6 km south-west) and Bena (6 km north-west).[17] Malanage hot spring reaches a temperature between 42 °C and 45 °C.[6] The collecting basin receives a hot current from the Inerie volcano and a cold current from the Wae Roa waterfall;[18] by changing one's position in the basin, one experiences the whole range of temperatures from almost too hot to very cold.[16] The local community from the nearby village of Dariwali takes care of that spring.[18]
Mangeruda hot spring (Indonesian Air Panas Soa, also known as Soa hot spring) is in Soa district, 22 km north-east of Bajawa.[19] It is a bit hotter than the Malanage hot spring, and less isolated.[16]

In the north, Riung is the portal to the beaches and underwater world of the 17-island marine park. The activities include snorkeling, diving, sun bathing, and observing flying foxes.[20]

Culture

[edit]

The "Ngada traditional house and megalithic complex" was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on October 19, 1995, in the Cultural category, but was pulled out from the list in 2015.[21]

Ngada warriors.

Soa Valley

[edit]

In 1968 stegodon fossil and stone artefacts were found in the Soa Valley north of Bajawa. In 1991 excavations were carried out but no significant discoveries were found. In excavations in 1994 researchers found 12 sites of artefacts and the fossils. The age of the Soa Valley is put at around 650,000 to 1.02 million years during which time there were at least two devastating volcanic events. So far, researchers have not found human fossils but it is believed that human fossils may yet be found. Stone artefacts suggesting hominin activity have been found in caves such as Mata Menge in the area.[22] If human fossils are indeed found, this may contribute to knowledge about migration into eastern Indonesia.[23] Research at nearby Liang Bua cave to the west near Ruteng has also contributed to expanding knowledge about early human activity in the area.

Notes and references

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Bajawa Depression is a zone of subsidence. For more details on it and on the geology of this area, see Koseki & Nakashima 2006, p. 106.
  2. ^ Inielika volcano, about 8 km north of Bajawa, is also called Inelika.[9]
  3. ^ MT-1 and MT-2 wells were dug during a five-year Indonesian-Japanese bilateral research cooperation program: the "Research Cooperation Project on the Exploration of Smallscale Geothermal Resources in the Eastern Part of Indonesia (ESSEI Project)", that started in April 1997 and ended in March 2002. MT-1 was dug at a depth of 207.26 m and MT-2 at a depth of 180.02 m. MT-3 and MT-4 were dug later in 2003 or 2004 by the Directorate General of Geology and Mineral Resources (DGGMR).[7]
  4. ^ The damaged houses were in the villages of Ulubelu, Ratogesa, Waeia, Malanuza, Dada Wea, Rada Bata, Were, Ekoroka, Todabelu, Radamasa and Mataloko villages.[11]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kabupaten Ngada Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5309)
  2. ^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  4. ^ Yuliasri Perdani and Markus Makur, 'Gov gives green light to question Ngada regent', The Jakarta Post, 27 December 2013.
  5. ^ "Mataloko, map". google.com/maps.
  6. ^ a b Ahmad, Azaria Haykal; Adityatama, Daniel Wilhelmus; Rusdianto, Muhammad Akram; Pradana, Gughy Mintorogo; Beryll, Trisha Amanda; Prasetyo, Pradana Vian; Rachmadani, Annisa (April 2022). "Geothermal Direct Use Alternatives in Mataloko to Increase Public Acceptance". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1014 (1): 012010 (see p. 7). Bibcode:2022E&ES.1014a2010H. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1014/1/012010. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  7. ^ a b c d e Koseki, Takehiro; Nakashima, Kazuo (2006). "Geothermal structure and feature of sulfide minerals of the Mataloko geothermal field, Flores Island, Indonesia" (PDF). Proceedings of the 7th Asian Geothermal Symposium, July 25–26, 2006: 105–109 (see p. 105). Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  8. ^ a b c Johnstone, Roy D. (2005). "Contrasting Geothermal Fields Along the Magmatic Banda Arc, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia" (PDF). Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April 2005: 1–8 (see p. 3). Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  9. ^ "Inielika (volcano), map". openstreetmap.org.
  10. ^ a b Ahmad et al. 2022, p. 6.
  11. ^ a b c Ahmad et al. 2022, p. 5.
  12. ^ a b Phillimore & Goodson 2004, p. 293.
  13. ^ Picture of Bena. Dead link
  14. ^ Sudarmadi, Tular (2014). Between colonial legacies and grassroots movements: exploring cultural heritage practice in the Ngadha and Manggarai Region of Flores (PDF) (doctorate thesis in History, Art and Culture). University of Amsterdam.
  15. ^ Anett Keller, 'Beauty and the East' Archived 2012-08-04 at the Wayback Machine, Jakarta Post Weekender, 30 November 2011
  16. ^ a b c "Guide to Bajawa: A Magical Place in Flores, Indonesia". museumofwander.com (updated in December 2023). 28 November 2023. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  17. ^ "Malanage hot spring, map". google.com/maps.
  18. ^ a b "Nada Bumi". issuu.com (collaborative work between Invisible Flock (UK) and Digital Nativ (ID), collecting various elements (air, sound, biodata, etc) on Java and Flores). November 2017. p. 29. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  19. ^ "Mangeruda hot spring, map". google.com/maps.
  20. ^ "A Quick & Wet Guide to the 17 Islands Marine Park in Riung, Flores". museumofwander.com. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  21. ^ "Ngada traditional house and megalithic complex". worldheritagesite.org. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  22. ^ Adam Brumm et al (2010). 'Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago', Nature, 464. See also '"Hobbits" may have arrived in Flores much Earlier Than Thought: Scientists', The Jakarta Globe, 19 March 2010.
  23. ^ "Bakal Membuka Tabir Baru Migrasi Manusia Purba Lembah Soa". June 23, 2013.
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