Niger Delta Basin (geology)
The Niger Delta Basin, also referred to as the Niger Delta province, is an extensional rift basin located in the Niger Delta and the Gulf of Guinea on the passive continental margin near the western coast of Nigeria[1] with suspected or proven access to Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe. This basin is very complex, and it carries high economic value as it contains a very productive petroleum system. The Niger delta basin is one of the largest subaerial basins in Africa. It has a subaerial area of about 75,000 km2, a total area of 300,000 km2, and a sediment fill of 500,000 km3.[1] The sediment fill has a depth between 9–12 km.[2] It is composed of several different geologic formations that indicate how this basin could have formed, as well as the regional and large scale tectonics of the area. The Niger Delta Basin is an extensional basin surrounded by many other basins in the area that all formed from similar processes. The Niger Delta Basin lies in the south westernmost part of a larger tectonic structure, the Benue Trough. The other side of the basin is bounded by the Cameroon Volcanic Line and the transform passive continental margin.[2]
Basin formation
The Niger Delta Basin was formed by a failed rift junction during separation of the South American plate and the African plate, as well as the opening of the South Atlantic. Rifting in this basin started in the late Jurassic and ended in the mid Cretaceous. As rifting continued, several faults formed, many of them thrust faults. Also at this time we have the deposition of the syn-rift sands and then shales in the late cretaceous. This shows that there was a regression in the early basin. By this time the basin has been undergoing extension by high angle normal faults and fault block rotation. Then at beginning of the Paleocene there was a large transgression.[2] Then in the Paleocene the Akata formation was deposited. In the Eocene the Agbada formation was deposited. This caused the underlying shale Akata Formation to be squeezed into shale diapirs. Then in the Oligocene the Benin formation was deposited and it still being deposited today. The overall basin is divided into a few different zones due to its tectonic structure.[1] There is an extensional zone, which lies on the continental shelf, that is caused by the thickened crust. There is a transition zone, and then there is a contraction zone, which lies in the deep sea part of the basin.
Lithology
The sediment fill in the Niger Delta basin is characterized by three major depobelts. These three cycles show that the basin experienced an overall regression throughout time as the sediments go from deep sea mud sized grains to fluvial denser sand sized grains. The lithologies of the area experience changes due to several factors. One factor would be the types of sediment coming through the delta, which could be influenced by sea level, or maybe volcanic activity in the area. The type of environment of deposition will also change the sediment type. The early Cretaceous sediments were thought to be from a tide dominated system that were deposited on a concave shoreline, and throughout time the shoreline has become convexed and it is currently a wave dominated system.
- Basement
The oceanic basement rock is the oldest rock in the basin and is basaltic in composition. It is of the pre-rift time period. Also closer to the coast you have precambrian continental basement.
- Cretaceous
There is a section of rock in this basin from the middle to late cretaceous that there is not much information on due to extreme depth. It is believed to be composed of sediments from a tide dominated coastline,[1] and there are believed to be several layers of shales, although there distribution is not known.
- Akata Formation
The Akata Formation is Paleocene in age. It is composed of thick shales, turbidite sands, and small amounts of silt and clay. It is the mobile formation that is squeezed into shale diapirs in the basin that are formed form being over pressured and not being dehydrated properly. The Akata formation formed during lowstands in sealevel and in oxygen deficient conditions. This formation is estimated to be up to 7000 meters thick.[1]
- Agbada Formation
The Agbada Formation dates back to Eocene in age. It is a marine facies defined by both freshwater and deep sea characteristics. This is the major oil and natural gas bearing facies in the basin. The hydrocarbons in this layer formed when this layer of rock became subaerial and was covered in a swamp type of environment that contained lots of organics. It is estimated to be 3700 meters thick.[1]
- Benin Formation
The Benin Formation is Oligocene and younger in age. It is composed of continental flood plain sands and alluvial deposits. It is estimated to be up to 2000 meters thick.[1]
Tectonic structures
The tectonic structures in the Niger Delta Basin are very typical of an extensional rift system, but the added shale diapirism due to compression makes this basin different. The main method of deformation is due to gravitational collapse of the basin, although the older faulting and deformation in the basin are related to the continental breakup and rifting of the African plate and South American plates.[1] The overall basin is divided into a few different zones due to its tectonic structure. There is an extensional zone, which lies on the continental shelf, that is caused by the thickened crust. There is a transition zone, and then there is a contraction zone, which lies in the deep sea part of the basin.
- Basin Inversion
Basin Inversion is caused by uplift and/or compression in this basin. The compression is caused by the toe detachment of the shale diapirs. Basin inversion forms anticline structures, which serve as a great oil trap. Clay smears in the sediments seal the formations so oil does not escape out.[1]
- Basinward dipping reflectors
Basinward dipping reflectors are a common feature of extensional type rift basins. As fault blocks extend they rotate to dip towards the center of the basin. At the top of these fault blocks sub basins can form.
- Shale Diapirs
The shale diapirs are from the Akata formation. This structure is formed due to the improper dehydration of the formation and the over pressuring by the overlying and denser Agbada formation.[1]
- High angle normal faulting
High angle normal faulting is a feature of the extensional portion of the rifting in this basin. It is considered a growth fault and the feature lies closer towards the basins edge and transitions to the toe detachment faulting as you continue down the basin.[3]
Petroleum
The Niger Delta Basin produces around 2 million barrels of oil per day. The entire system is predicted to contain 34.5 billion barrels of oil and 94 trillion feet3 of natural gas.This area is still very heavily explored by oil companies today. It is one of the larges oil producers in the world.[1]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. "The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa". United States Geologic Survey. United States Geologic Survey. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
- ^ a b c fatoke, oluwaseyi adedamola (2010). sequence stratigraphy of the pliocene-pleistocene strata and shelf-margin deltas of the eastern niger delta, nigeria (ph.d.). university of houston.
- ^ Short, K.C.; Staeuble, A.J. "Outline of geology of Niger delta". AAPG Bulletin. 51 (5): 761–799. doi:10.1306/5d25c0cf-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d.
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External links
- The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa, United States Geological Survey, 1999
- Geological Summary, Nigeria - São Tomé & Príncipe Joint Development Zone (JDZ)