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A "no-kill" shelter is an animal shelter that does not kill healthy or treatable animals even when the shelter is full, reserving euthanasia for terminally ill animals or those considered dangerous to public safety. A no-kill shelter uses many strategies to promote shelter animals; to expanding its resources using volunteers, housing and medical protocols; and to work actively to lower the number of homeless animals entering the shelter system.[1][2]

Definition

A no-kill or limited admit shelter is a shelter that saves healthy, treatable and rehabilitatable animals. As a benchmark, at least 90% of the animals entering the shelter are expected to be saved.[3] The save rate must be based on all animals entering the shelter: "It does not matter if the animals are old, blind, deaf, missing limbs, or traumatized. All of these animals are worthy of our compassion, all of them can find homes, and all of them deserve to."[3]

Adoptability issue

Some shelters claim they are no kill when they save all "adoptable" animals, but continue to kill many healthy, treatable, or rehabilitatable animals, such as feral cats. No kill advocate Nathan Winograd states that a Los Angeles animal shelter "was claiming to be saving almost all 'adoptable' animals even while it was killing half the dogs and 80% of all cats. A shelter does not achieve No Kill by calling animals 'unadoptable' before killing them; it achieves No Kill by actually saving their lives."[3]

Techniques used

No kill advocate Nathan Winograd has developed a set of eleven life-saving practices outlined in the No Kill Equation[1] Some of these programs include:

Spay/neuter programs

Some no-kill shelter advocates state that spay/neuter programs are among the most important techniques in achieving no-kill goals. A US study showed that low income families are less likely to have their pets neutered.[4] In San Francisco, CA, the city’s animal shelter took in 21 percent fewer pit bulls just 18 months after the passage of a law requiring the sterilization of the breed.[5]

Events such as the annual World Spay Day have resulted in large numbers of companion animals spayed and neutered. In 2014, 700 World Spay Day events were held in 41 countries, including all 50 U.S. states, and over 68,000 companion animals were sterilized.[6]

Adoption programs

No-Kill proponents believe that while spay/neuter programs reduce the overall supply of pets, adoption programs allow pets to go to permanent homes and make space for other incoming animals. Shelters may be open beyond normal working hours, to allow working families more opportunities to visit and adopt animals. Cageless facilities may be used to create a more inviting setting for the public, and the animals.[7]

Advertising and off-site adoption programs are set up to increase the visibility of available animals. Pet supply companies such as Petsmart and Petco have participated in such programs. Many shelters, regardless of admission policy, work with local or national breed rescue groups who focus on finding homes for specific breeds to enable more effective matching of potential adopters.[8]

Retention program

Shelters may offer information on behavioral advice, low-cost veterinary care, behavior classes and dog training to reduce the number of animals surrendered due to avoidable issues.[9] Staff and volunteers can make sure shelter animals are well socialized before being adopted out to avoid similar issues.

Volunteers

No-Kill shelters rely heavily on volunteers for assistance in shelter operations, socialization of animals, adoption promotion and foster care.

Partnering

Besides off-site adoption program partnerships, shelters may also partner with veterinarians, veterinary and local businesses for funding, in-kind donations and sponsorships. Maddie's Fund has given grants to veterinary groups and veterinarians who have provided low-cost spay/neuter programs, as well to as veterinary schools for shelter medicine programs, including UC Davis Veterinary College, Auburn University and Cornell University.[10][11][12]

Waiting lists

No-kill or limited-admit shelters are many times filled to capacity along with their partners. In these instances they will request that the owner hold the animal until there is an opening. Their names are then placed on a list to be called when a space is available. If a shelter is working with other shelters taking in their overflow, it may be quite a while before there is an opening for an owner's pet. Many of these come from other regions of the country where there is an abundance of pets or more readily adoptable ones in other areas such as puppies or kittens.

International

India

India has the world's oldest no-kill traditions. The earliest instances of high volume spaying/neutering of stray dogs were done in India. In 1994, the city of Mumbai agreed to handle dog control on a no-kill basis.[13] In 1998, the Indian government announced the goal of the whole country becoming no-kill by 2005. At that time, cities such as Delhi, Chennai and Jaipur had already adopted no-kill.[14]

Italy

Italy has outlawed the euthanasia of healthy companion animals since 1991[15] and controls stray populations through trap, neuter and return programs. A compilation of 10 years' worth of data on feral cat colonies in Rome has shown that although trap-neuter-return decreased the cat population, pet abandonment was a significant problem.[16] Dog attacks on Italian citizens and tourists have been blamed on a lack of enforcement of animal control laws in the country.[17]

Portugal

In Portugal, euthanasia is practiced at publicly owned kennels although several different associations actively shelter strays. Among those is Patas Errantes, a non-profit private organization founded in 2006 which practices a policy of taking dogs off the street, vaccinating and sterilizing them, and either returning them to the streets or finding them new owners. Liga Portuguesa dos Direitos do Animal, a public utility state-recognized organization founded in 1981, is also quite active in animal sterilization and fights for no-kill. Sintra town kennel is noted for having ceased euthanasia practices in their kennel. However, the shelter admits that during the holidays, it is so overwhelmed with unwanted and discarded animals that euthanasia is required for humane reasons.[18]

Puerto Rico

Pets Alive is an American no-kill shelter operating in Puerto Rico, rescuing canines from "Dead Dog Beach", where people leave their strays. It ships some of the dogs to the Middletown and Elmsford locations in New York.[19]

United Kingdom

The UK animal charity Dogs Trust states in its constitution that "no mentally and physically healthy dog taken into the protection of the rescue/re-homing centres shall be destroyed."[20] The charity runs 17 rehoming centers, which care for 16,000 dogs a year and house 1,400 dogs at any one time. It also operates a sanctuary for dogs that are unadoptable.

In 2012 the RSPCA announced plans to end the euthanasia of any rehomeable animals in their care by 2017. However, the charity recognizes that this cannot be done without major changes in the public's behaviour, including spaying and neutering owned animals and making long term commitments to animal companions.[21]

The Scottish SPCA operate on a no kill basis unless given veterinary advice that an animal is so ill or in such pain that the kindest decision is to end their suffering or if they are so dangerously aggressive that they could not be rehomed safely.[22]

Coventry Cat Group are a no-kill shelter based in the Midlands. With the exception of veterinary recommendation, all animals within the charity's care are socialised with a view to either domestication or being homed in farming environments.

United States

In the U.S., the no-kill concept received a legal boost in 1998 when the state of California passed three pieces of legislation directed to reduce animal suffering at shelters in California: the Vincent Law, which requires shelters to spay or neuter animals prior to adoption; the Hayden Law, which requires that animals work with rescue groups;[23] and the Kopp Law, which prohibited the use of carbon monoxide to euthanize animals.[24] No-Kill shelters received a financial boost with the establishment of Maddie's Fund in 1999, from which a number of communities in the United States have since received millions in financial grants.[25]

In 1994, the City of San Francisco popularized the trend towards No-kill shelters. The San Francisco SPCA, led by President Richard Avanzino who would later become the President of Maddie's Fund, along with the San Francisco Department of Animal Care and Control guaranteed a home to every "adoptable" dog and cat who entered the shelter system.[26] Since then the city of San Francisco (the SPCA along with the Department of Animal Care and Control) has been able to keep San Francisco as a no-kill city. In 2007, the live release rate of all dogs and cats in the city of San Francisco was 82%.[27] In 2010, the live release rate of all dogs and cats in the city of San Francisco was 86%.[28] In November 2010, the city voted to table indefinitely a proposed mandate to require city animal shelters to adopt “no-kill” policies.[29] The live release rate of the San Francisco SPCA in 2012 was 99%.[30] San Francisco Animal Care and Control currently has a live release rate of 97%, making the San Francisco average 98%.

In 2001, Tompkins County, New York transitioned over a two-year period to a no-kill community.[31] The Tompkins SPCA, an open-admission shelter and animal control facility for Tompkins County, was instrumental in achieving this goal. Tompkins SPCA was able to achieve a live release rate of over 90% every year since then. Tompkins SPCA was able to achieve this while going from having a budget deficit to a budget surplus and was even able to raise millions of dollars to build a new cageless no-kill shelter.[32][citation needed] In 2006, 145 (6% of a total intake of 2353) dogs and cats classified as unhealthy or untreatable were euthanized.[33] In comparison, the national average rate of euthanasia in 2005 was 56%.[34]

In 2009, Shelby County, Kentucky, became the first no-kill community in Kentucky through a joint effort of the county shelter and the Shelby Humane Society.[35]

In March 2010, the Austin City Council unanimously passed a resolution for the City's open-admission shelter to achieve a 90% save rate of all impounded animals.[36] The City Council mandated, among other things, that the City shelter was prohibited from killing healthy, adoptable pets while there were empty cages at the shelter.[37] From 1998 to 2011, the euthanasia rate of animals that entered the Austin, TX, city shelter went from 85% to less than 10%, and as of 2011 Austin is the largest no-kill city in the United States.[38] In August 2011, the City celebrated its highest save-rate month ever, in which the shelter saved 96% of all impounded animals.[39]

In May 2010, three communities announced a pact to become no-kill communities by guaranteeing homes for all healthy and treatable pets: Hastings and Rosemount, Minnesota, along with Prescott, Wisconsin.[40]

In November 2010, the Upper Peninsula Animal Welfare Shelter, an open-admission shelter in Marquette, Michigan, announced that it had achieved no-kill status.[41]

In 2014, the city of Jacksonville, FL, became one of the largest no-kill cities in the country.

The Best Friends Animal Sanctuary in Kanab, Utah is a no-kill animal sanctuary providing homes for thousands of homeless pets. With financial help from Maddie's totaling over $9 million spread over five years, they led a coalition of rescue groups called "No More Homeless Pets in Utah". The goal of the coalition was to move the state of Utah closer to a no-kill community. In the period from 1999 to 2006, the organization reported that statewide adoption rate increased 39% while euthanasia rate dropped 30%.[42]

The No-Kill Declaration, published by the No Kill Advocacy Center and Alley Cat Allies, defines many of the goals of no-kill sheltering. These organizations claim that over 30,000 US-based groups and individuals have signed this declaration.[43]

Issues

Labeling

No kill shelters provide more room than other shelters. Although proponents of no-kill make the distinction between euthanasia and killing, some still assert that the term "no-kill" is unfair to employees of traditional shelters. The term has also caused a divide in the animal welfare community beyond ideology as it differentiates between no-kill and "kill" shelters,[44] an accusation that cast a bad light on traditional shelters.[45] Professor of Sociology and Anthropology Arnold Arluke has argued that "The no-kill perspective has damaged the community that long existed among shelter workers, changing how they think and feel about each other. The vast majority of shelter workers suddenly are thought of as cruel; five million deaths each year are seen as avoidable rather than inevitable, as previously thought. The no-kill idea created culpability within the shelter world; open-admissionists became the guilty party."[45] Nathan Winograd, generally considered the leader of the no-kill movement, makes no apology for the differentiation, and states that the No-Kill ideology is "A Reason for Hope."[46]

Arguments over categorizations

No-kill proponents have said that some self-described no-kill shelters alter the definitions of "adoptable" and "treatable" in order to manipulate statistics. A lower kill-rate is said to increase the public's perception of the shelter and lead to increased donations. No Kill Now! suggests that "Deterrents must be put in place at the outset to discourage fraudulent representations. Remedies may include regular reviews by outside committees, open-door policies for rescues and visitors, public display of impound data, published guidelines and procedures and criminal prosecution for intentional misrepresentations."[47]

Limited admission v. open admission

There is a difference between a limited-admission shelter and an open-admission shelter. An open-admission shelter takes every animal it receives, while a limited-admission shelter does not.[48] This has led to some confusion and misunderstanding between animal-welfare advocates, with advocates of no-kill communities pointing out that a limited-admission shelter does not create a true no-kill community.[49] The leading advocates of the American no-kill movement contend that open-admission shelters can be no-kill by implementing proven and cost-effective life-saving programs.[50]

Critics, such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, refer to no-kill shelters as "limited admission shelters" and argue that the policy simply shifts the burden to nearby traditional shelters.[51] They also contend that owners who are turned away may abandon or harm the unwanted animals.[52] No-kill advocates counter that open admission shelters may actually be "closed" to people who have to give up their pets, but don't want them to be killed.[53]

Collinsville and Jenks, Oklahoma operate no-kill shelters, but routinely send unwanted animals to Tulsa for euthanasia. According to Jenks operations superintendent Gary Head, the city "wants nothing to do with killing dogs....It keeps us low-key and out of the public's eye. We don't have a bad reputation here." Tulsa only charges $1 per animal for euthanasia and accepts about 4,000 animals per year from surrounding communities for euthanasia.[54]

The Delaware County, Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) announced in 2010 it would convert to a no-kill shelter, but that animal control was not compatible with its mission or commitment to becoming a “no-kill” organization because it could not achieve no-kill status unless it refused to perform the basic animal control function of accepting stray animals.[55]

Any shelter can be poorly run

Horrible living conditions have been exposed at shelters, regardless of admission policy. Three limited-admission, no-kill shelters in North Carolina have been investigated by the N.C. Department of Agriculture's Animal Welfare Division due to complaints about substandard conditions.[56] In July 2006 PETA conducted an undercover investigation at one of the shelters, All Creatures Great and Small, and published graphic photos and video of alleged abuse and neglect.[57] Media reports in October 2007 says that "the no-kill shelter has failed numerous health and safety inspections."[58] In December 2007, the state entered into a consent order requiring All Creatures to “work diligently to improve conditions at the Hendersonville no-kill shelter… to release 350 animals to a state-designated animal rescue organization to relieve crowding” and not to admit any new animals for two months.[59] The shelter was shut down in February 2008.[60] Dr. Kelli Ferris, a veterinarian and assistant professor said that "Some of the worst places to be, if you're an animal in North Carolina, is a no-kill shelter."[56] Critics assert that the no-kill label has been used as a cover by some animal hoarders[61] and the situation with All Creatures have been described as a case of hoarding.[62] For example, a 1995 Animal People editorial stated that "the image of no-kill sheltering remains tainted by hoarders" and accused "the national organizations most involved in sheltering" of "perpetuat[ing] the hoarder stereotype".[63]

While no-kill advocates accept that there are some poorly run limited-admission no-kill shelters, they consider them exceptions to the norm.[64]

Overpopulation and mandatory spay/neuter

Nathan Winograd, of the No Kill Advocacy Center, believes that there is no real pet overpopulation problem and that there are more than enough homes for every dog and cat being killed in shelters every year. He claims that based on data from the American Veterinary Medical Association and the Pet Food Manufacturers Association, and the latest census that "there aren't just enough homes for the dogs and cats being killed in shelters. There are more homes for cats and dogs opening each year than there are cats and dogs even entering shelters."[65] Critics argue that such claims do a disservice to population control efforts by causing some pet owners to refuse spaying and neutering recommendations.[66] They also claim that such calculations do not take into account the hundreds of thousands of animals sold by breeders and pet stores.[67]

While some shelter professionals have called for laws that mandate all pet owners to pay for hysterectomies or castration of their pets through mandatory spay/neuter laws, (see also: AB 1634), some in the no-kill movement have opposed such measures, asserting that mandatory legislation is ineffective and counterproductive.[68] The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals conducted a study of mandatory spay/neuter laws and concluded that there is no "credible evidence" that such laws work to reduce euthanasia in animal shelters.[69]

Failed attempts

In 2008, the Humane Society of Tacoma and Pierce County, in Tacoma, Washington, backed away from its no-kill commitment, acknowledging the difficulties encountered in trying to keep animals alive. In announcing their decision, the shelter president stated “that because we are an open shelter that will accept every animal that comes to us, regardless of its medical or behavior problems, true ‘no-kill’ status will never be a reality.” The shelter has now switched from no-kill to “Counting Down to Zero”, a coordinated effort to reduce euthanasia.[70]

In 2009, the Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada provincial government and the town of Stephenville began negotiations to close their no-kill animal shelter, claiming that upwards of 100 dogs and cats with diseases or behavioral problems were suffering severe neglect. Media quoted the town's mayor as stating that animals cannot be humanely stored indefinitely. The animals in the shelter will be evaluated by veterinarians but will most likely be euthanized.[71]

A no-kill policy led to a dispute between the Toronto Humane Society and the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 2009, with the OSPCA revoking the THS' credentials for several months while it conducted an investigation.[72] Several staff and officers with the THS were arrested, although all of the charges were eventually dropped.[72]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "No Kill 101: A Primer on No Kill Animal Control Sheltering For Public Officials" Archived 4 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, No Kill Advocacy Center, accessed 2 September 2014.
  2. ^ "Common Elements of No Kill Success", Maddie's Fund, November 2012.
  3. ^ a b c "When is No Kill Truly No Kill?", Nathan Winograd, PAWS Chicago, accessed 6 September 2014.
  4. ^ Chu K, Anderson WM, Rieser MY (April 2009). "Population characteristics and neuter status of cats living in households in the United States". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 234 (8): 1023–30. doi:10.2460/javma.234.8.1023. PMID 19366332.
  5. ^ Marisa Lagos, "S.F. Sterilization Law Successful in Reducing Pit Bull Population," San Francisco Chronicle, 27 August 2007.
  6. ^ "World Spay Day", HSUS, accessed 21 July 2014.
  7. ^ Jen Bondeson, "No-kill, Cageless Cat Shelter Opens in Olde Towne Gaithersburg," TheGazette.net, 23 September 2011.
  8. ^ Virginia Beach SPCA, "Breed Rescue Partnerships," accessed October 2012.
  9. ^ Miami Dade County Commissioner, "Miami-Dade County adopts no-kill shelter program for Animal Services Department," News Release, 3 July 2012.
  10. ^ Maddie's Fund, "Colleges of Veterinary Medicine," accessed October 2012.
  11. ^ Maddie's Fund, "Completed Colleges of Veterinary Medicine," accessed October 2012.
  12. ^ "Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program at Cornell," Cornell University, 2010.
  13. ^ A Passae to India Animal People, Jan/Feb 1998
  14. ^ Maneka claims cabinet post for animals Animal People, October 1998
  15. ^ Law August 14th,1991, # 281
  16. ^ Natoli E; Maragliano L; Cariola G; et al. (December 2006). "Management of feral domestic cats in the urban environment of Rome (Italy)". Prev. Vet. Med. 77 (3–4): 180–5. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.06.005. PMID 17034887. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Nick Squires, "Italy targets stray dogs after fatal attack," The Telegraph, 19 March 2009.
  18. ^ "Sintra municipal kennels overcrowded claim," Algarve Resident, 21 August 2008.
  19. ^ "Pets Alive Puerto Rice: About Us," accessed October 2012.
  20. ^ Dogs Trust, "Constitution," accessed October 2012.
  21. ^ "RSPCA aim to end euthanasia of rehomeable animals," RSPCA Press Release, 23 February 2012.
  22. ^ "No healthy animals are put to sleep". Scottish SPCA. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  23. ^ "Article about Lawsuit Against Animal Shelter Abuses", Charlotte Laws, Member of Greater Valley Glen Council, 10 November 2004.
  24. ^ "California Laws 1999", Los Angeles Times, 1 January 1999, p. 6.
  25. ^ Maddie's Fund, "About Us," accessed October 2012.
  26. ^ Animal Care and Control: Agreement between SFSPCA and ACC Archived 3 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine sfgov.org
  27. ^ Creature Comforts Vol 12, Issue 1 San Francisco SPCA Newsletter, January 2008
  28. ^ [1] San Francisco SPCA Annual Cat and Dog statistics for the year of 2010, public records
  29. ^ Minutes from Meeting, City and County of San Francisco Commission of Animal Control and Welfare, 16 November 2010.
  30. ^ [2], San Francisco SPCA Annual Cat and Dog Statistics and Live Release Rate Including Feral Cats, 2012.
  31. ^ "No Kill OVERNIGHT" Best Friends Animal Society
  32. ^ The Nation's First "GREEN" Animal Shelter! Tompkins County SPCA
  33. ^ 2006 statistics Tompkins County SPCA
  34. ^ Tehama County sees increase in euthanasia rate for pets Red Bluff Daily News Online
  35. ^ "thenokillnation.com" (PDF). Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  36. ^ Austin City Council Approves "No Kill" Policy At Shelter
  37. ^ "TWC News - Austin". Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  38. ^ "Using Data to Make Austin a No Kill City". Maddie's Fund. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  39. ^ http://www.cityofaustin.org/health/pets/downloads/moratorium_combined_082011_presentation.pdf
  40. ^ Minnesota and Wisconsin Get First No Kill Stars on the Map
  41. ^ Letter from the President
  42. ^ About us No More Homeless Pets in Utah
  43. ^ No-Kill Declaration, No-Kill Declaration
  44. ^ Merits of no-kill shelters questioned Elizabeth White, Associated Press
  45. ^ a b Just a Dog: Understanding Animal Cruelty and Ourselves Arnold Arluke, Temple University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-59213-472-4
  46. ^ "No Kill Advocacy Center". Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  47. ^ "Defining No Kill Shelters", No Kill Now, accessed 8 October 2014.
  48. ^ "thenokillnation.com". Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  49. ^ "No Kill Communities vs No Kill Shelters -- and why confusing the two endangers the movement". KC DOG BLOG. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  50. ^ "What "No Kill" Means (and the Alternative)". O is for Onward. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  51. ^ PETA, "Animal Rights Uncompromised: 'No-Kill' Shelters," accessed October 2012.
  52. ^ "LanCo Shelter Goes 'No-Kill,' Critics Say Growing Trend Harms Pets," The Philadelphia Inquirer, 23 October 2012.
  53. ^ Nathan Winograd, "A False Debate," No Kill Advocacy Center, 19 June 2012.
  54. ^ Unhappy endings
  55. ^ Luce, Paul (6 July 2010). "Change in Philosophy: The SPCA will become a 'no-kill' shelter next year". Delaware County Daily and Sunday Times. Delaware County, PA.
  56. ^ a b No-kill shelters defend practices Independent Weekly
  57. ^ North Carolina's All Creatures Great And Small: A 'No-Kill Shelter' Exposé Peta
  58. ^ State vets examine animals at All Creatures BlueRidgeNow.com
  59. ^ Volunteers save felines after All Creatures catches on fire BlueRidgeNow.com
  60. ^ "No. 5: State shuts down All Creatures". BlueRidgeNow.com. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  61. ^ The Problem of Animal Hoarding Gary J. Patronek, Municipal Lawyer
  62. ^ Cat collecting can go too far The News & Observer
  63. ^ What has no-kill accomplished? Animal People
  64. ^ "The No-Kill Controversy: Manifest and Latent Sources of Tension," Arnold Arluke, from The State of the Animals II: 2003 ISBN 0-9658942-7-4
  65. ^ Is pet overpopulation a myth? Inside Nathan Winograd's "Redemption" Christie Keith, San Francisco Chronicle, 2 October 2007
  66. ^ Adopt a Shelter Cat - Kill or No? Franny Syufy, cats.about.com
  67. ^ "Companion Animals". PETA. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  68. ^ The dark side of mandatory licensing and neuter laws: Why punitive legislation fails No Kill Advocacy Center
  69. ^ "About Us". ASPCA. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  70. ^ ‘No-kill’ shelter policy still an ideal
  71. ^ "Stephenville no-kill animal shelter to be shut down". CBC News, 13 March 2009.
  72. ^ a b Peter Worthington, "Shedding light on the OSPCA-Toronto Humane Society debacl e," Toronto Sun, 10 January 2011.

Further reading

  • Brestrup, Craig (1997). Disposable Animals: Ending the Tragedy of Throwaway Pets. Camino Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-9657285-9-1.
  • Winograd, Nathan (2009). Redemption: The Myth of Pet Overpopulation and the No Kill Revolution in America. Almaden Books, 2nd edition. ISBN 978-0979074318.
  • Winograd, Nathan (2009). Irreconcilable Differences: The Battle for the Heart & Soul of America's Animal Shelters. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-4495-9113-7.
  • Winograd, Nathan and Jennifer Winograd (2012). Friendly Fire. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1479268931.
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