O le Ao o le Malo
| O le Ao o le Malo of the Independent State of Samoa | |
|---|---|
 Coat of Arms of the Independent State of Samoa | |
since 21 July 2017 | |
| Term length | Five years, no term limit |
| Inaugural holder | Meaʻole and Tanumafili II |
| Formation | 1 January 1962 |
|
|---|
| Constitution |
O le Ao o le Malo (Samoan: "Chieftain of the Government"; Ao is a title generally reserved for chiefs (matai), while malo means "government") is the Samoan head of state.[1][2]
The position is described in Part III of the 1960 Samoan constitution.[3] At the time the constitution was adopted, it was anticipated that future heads of state would be chosen from among the four Tama a 'Aiga "royal" paramount chiefs. However, this is not required by the constitution, so, for this reason, Samoa can be considered a republic rather than a constitutional monarchy (such as the United Kingdom). The government Press Secretariat describes O le Ao o le Malo as a "ceremonial president". However, as all of the heads of state, elected by the Fono, the country's parliament (which is itself almost entirely composed of customary chiefs), since independence have been one of the four chiefs, so it is ambiguous as to whether the country constitutes a parliamentary republic or a democratic elective monarchy.
The Samoan head of state, has since the country's independence enjoyed the title of Highness, as do the heads of the four paramount chiefly dynasties.
The current O le Ao o le Malo is Va'aletoa Sualauvi II, who was elected to a five-year term which started on 21 July 2017.
History
When Samoa became independent on January 1, 1962, two[4] of the four paramount chiefs (Tama a 'Aiga) – Tanumafili II and Meaʻole – were jointly named to the office for life by the 1960 Constitution. Each represented, respectively, the Malietoa and Tupua Tamasese, the "two of the four main family lineages" of Samoa.[5] They were jointly known as O Ao o le Malo and individually as O le Ao o le Malo.[3] Mea'ole died a year later in 1963, leaving Tanumafili as the sole holder of the office until his death in 2007, aged 94.[6][7] His replacement, Tufuga Efi, had served two prior terms as Prime Minister of Samoa and is the elder son of Meaʻole. He was elected by the Samoan Legislative Assembly for a five-year term beginning on 20 June 2007[8] and again in July 2012 for a further five-year term. The 4th and current head of state is Tui A'ana Tuimaleali'ifano Va'aleto'a Eti Sualauvi II, the great grandson of Mau Movement leader Tuimaleali'ifano Fa'aoloi'i and nephew of the original member of the Council of Deputies Tuimaleali'ifano Suatipatipa II,[9] succeeded Tufuga Efi, after being newly elected by the Legislative Assembly for a five year term in 30 June 2017 when Tufuga Efi's term was nearing its end.
Qualifications
Article 18 of the Samoan constitution sets the qualifications for the position of O le Ao o le Malo. He must:
- be qualified for election as a member of parliament;
- possess such qualifications as the Fono may determine by resolution;
- not have been previously been removed from the office on the grounds of misbehavior or infirmity.[3]
Term of office
The O le Ao o le Malo is elected by the Fono for five years and can be re-elected. The exceptions to this were Tanumafili and Meaʻole, who were exempted from the five-year term laid down by Article 19.[3] The constitution does not set forth a limit on the number of terms an O le Ao o le Malo can serve. There was an understanding that the office is to alternate between the four tama aiga families, of which the most recently elected O le Ao o le Malo belongs to the Tuimaleali'ifano clan, one of the four paramount chiefs alongside the Mata'afa (a vacant chieftaincy since 2014).[5]
Removal from office can occur in four ways:
- resignation;
- removal by the Fono on the grounds of misbehavior or mental or physical infirmity;
- approval by two-thirds of the Fono of a resolution for removal that is proposed and supported by at least a fourth of its members following at least fourteen days between the notice of motion and debate on the motion;[3]
- death.
Duties and powers
The position is that of a ceremonial head of state, while actual power is held by the Prime Minister, whom the O le Ao o le Malo appoints on the recommendation of the Fono. While the O le Ao o le Malo "does not play an active role in government", he can dissolve the Fono and no act of parliament will become law without his approval.[10] The O le Ao o le Malo may also grant pardons.[11]
Elections
To date, there have been three elections for the office of O le Ao o le Malo. The first was held on 16 June 2007, in which Tufuga Efi was elected unopposed by the 49-member strong parliament. The second was held on 19 July 2012, in which Efi was nominated by Prime Minister Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi and seconded by Palusalue Fa’apo II, the leader of the opposition. The third was held on 30 June 2017, in which Va'aletoa Sualauvi II was elected over Efi by a majority vote of 23 to 15.[12]
List of O le Ao o le Malo's
| No. | Portrait | O le Ao o le Malo | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Party | Prime Minister |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole (1905–1963) [a] | 1 January 1962 | 5 April 1963 † | 1 year, 94 days | Independent | Mulinu'u II | |
| 1 | Malietoa Tanumafili II (1912–2007) [b] | 1 January 1962 | 11 May 2007 † | 45 years, 130 days | Independent | Mulinu'u II Lealofi IV Tufuga Efi Va'ai Kolone Tofilau Eti Alesana Tuilaepa A. S. Malielegaoi | |
| – | Tupua Tamasese Tufuga Efi (born 1937) Acting Member of the Council of Deputies | 11 May 2007 | 20 June 2007 | 40 days | Independent | Tuilaepa A. S. Malielegaoi | |
| – | Tuimaleali'ifano Va'aletoa Sualauvi II (born 1947) Acting Member of the Council of Deputies | 11 May 2007 | 20 June 2007 | 40 days | Independent | Tuilaepa A. S. Malielegaoi | |
| 2 | Tupua Tamasese Tufuga Efi (born 1937) [c] | 20 June 2007 | 21 July 2017 | 10 years, 31 days | Independent | Tuilaepa A. S. Malielegaoi | |
| 3 | Tuimaleali'ifano Va'aletoa Sualauvi II (born 1947) [d] | 21 July 2017[13] | Incumbent | 7 years, 119 days | Independent | Tuilaepa A. S. Malielegaoi |
Notes
See also
References
- ^ Samoalive dictionary
- ^ Websters Online Dictionary
- ^ a b c d e "Constitution of the Independent State of Western Samoa 1960". University of the South Pacific. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Hassall, Graham; Saunders, Cheryl (2002). Asia-Pacific Constitutional Systems. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-521-59129-5.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ a b New Zealand Herald (28 June 2007). "Name says it all for Samoa's new leader". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
- ^ "Samoan king dies at the age of 94". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
- ^ Jackson, Cherelle (13 May 2007). "Samoa's Head of State Malietoa dies aged 95". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ New Zealand Herald (16 June 2007). "New head of state for Samoa". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
- ^ Genealogy
- ^ Kogan Page; World of information (2003). Asia and Pacific Review 2003/04, 21st edition. Essex, England: Walden Publishing Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 0-7494-4063-5.
- ^ eDiplomat.com. "Samoa". Retrieved 28 December 2007.
- ^ Samoa’s parliament reappoints Tui Atua as head of state Radio New Zealand International, 19 July 2012.
- ^ Samoa Planet
