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Ochetellus
Ochetellus glaber worker
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Formicidae
Subfamily:
Dolichoderinae
Tribe:
Leptomyrmecini
Genus:
Ochetellus

Shattuck, 1992
Type species
Hypoclinea glabra
Mayr, 1862
Diversity[1]
7 species, 3 subspecies

Ochetellus is a genus of ants first described by Steve Shattuck in 1992. He placed it in the subfamily Dolichoderinae of the family Formicidae. The ants in this genus are small and black in colour; workers measure 1.75 to 3 millimetres (0.07 to 0.12 in) in length, the males at around 1.6 millimetres (0.06 in) are smaller, and the queens are the largest, reaching 4 millimetres (0.16 in). There are seven described species and three described subspecies that mostly live in Australia in a wide variety of habitats, but some species are found in Asia. One species, Ochetellus glaber, has been introduced into New Zealand and the United States.

The colonies are found in rotten wood, in the ground, under rocks or stones and in urban areas. The ants are both diurnal and nocturnal and forage on trees, in low vegetation and into human homes, where they are regarded as pests. These ants eat a variety of foods, including fruits, insects, sucrose, nectar and bird feces. They visit various flowers and attend to a variety of butterfly larvae. The thorny devil, an Australian lizard, predominantly feeds on Ochetellus workers, and other ant species also prey on them.

Taxonomy

The genus Ochetellus was first described by Steve Shattuck in 1992, placing it in the subfamily Dolichoderinae.[2][3] The type species of the genus is Ochetellus glaber, originally described as Hypoclinea glabra by Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr in 1862.[4] The genus was originally placed in the tribe Dolichoderini.[5] It was later placed under the tribe Iridomyrmecini, now classified as a synonym for the tribe Leptomyrmecini.[6][7]

The genus consists of seven species and three subspecies that were previously placed in the genus Iridomyrmex.[5][8] The genus contains the following species: O. democles, O. epinotalis, O. flavipes, O. glaber, O. punctatissimus, O. sororis and O. vinsoni.[1] The three subspecies classified in this genus are O. glaber clarithorax, O. glaber consimilis and O. glaber sommeri.[9][10]

Description

Dead Ochetellus glaber queen

Ochtellus is a genus of small black ants; each species vary in size, with workers ranging from 1.75 to 3 millimetres (0.07 to 0.12 in) in length and males are smaller at 1.6 millimetres (0.06 in).[4][10][11] The largest ants in the genus are the queens; Ochetellus sororis queens measure up to 4 millimetres (0.16 in).[11] While these ants were formerly placed in the genus Iridomyrmex, there are several features that makes these ants distinct; the compound eyes are differently positioned on the head, and the arrangement of the clypeal margin and mesosoma can also distinguish between the two genera.[5] Ochetellus looks similar to Dolichoderus species, but they are relatively smaller and the petiole is narrow and dorsolaterally expanded. The head is also thinner than most Dolichoderinae ants.[5]

On the head, the occipital border either curves in or curves out, and no ocelli are present. The antennae consist of twelve segments.[2] The mandibles each have six to eight teeth along with a large apical tooth.

Distribution and habitat

Ochetellus ants are native to Australia and have been introduced into New Zealand.[2][12] In Asia, they are native to India, Japan, the Philippines and southern Burma.[2] Species are found on the islands of Fiji, Mauritius and New Caledonia.[13][14] Ochetellus glaber was first sighted in Hawaii in 1977 and is considered an invasive species.[15] Since its introduction, the ant has spread throughout the state, and is now found in Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Maui and Oahu.[16] The ant has also been introduced to mainland United States, being found in north-central Florida,[17] where it is localised in Orange County.[18]

Ants of this genus are eurychoric; they have a widespread geographic distribution in many different climates, but they are usually found in dry and mesic habitats.[16][19] They are referred to as a tropical genus, but the type specimen was collected from temperate Sydney.[4][20] They are found in sclerophyll woodland and forests, eucalypt woodland, Casuarina forests, mallee, hillsides, beaches and urban areas.[17] These ants are arboreal ants and nests are located in bark, logs, rotten wood, sand, soil, under rocks and stones, tree stumps and twigs or branches.[2][17][21] In urban areas, colonies are found under cracked paths, inside house walls or in patio areas.[22] Some species are considered pests, and they forage into pastures and houses where they show a preference for fluids and sweets.[17][21] Ochetellus flavipes nesting habits are unique among Australian ants, and they construct small runways across the ground.[23] These nests are structurally similar to nests built by some Polyrhachis ants, which construct platforms woven from plants that house the Hemiptera insects they attend to.

Behaviour and ecology

Ochetellus worker visiting a flower

Workers form foraging columns in search of food.[17] They forage into buildings, eucalyptus trees, ground areas or on low vegetation.[17] Workers are both diurnal and nocturnal, but they are not active throughout any 24-hour period.[24] Low activity occurs during clear sunny days; however, colonies are extremely active shortly after rain.

Ochetellus ants are omnivores that feed primarily on arthropods, but they show a preference for fluids and sweets when they enter human houses.[21] Workers will prey on Ornithoptera richmondia eggs, fruit fly pupae, Plutella larvae and attack wasp nests.[17][20][25] Honeydew, nectar, Pacific reef heron feces, carrion, Pandanus fruits, plants, seeds, sucrose, fats and grease will also be consumed.[20][26][27] O. glaber is known to exploit the extrafloral nectaries on plants without providing protection.[28]

Foraging workers often visit Pisonia flowers and will feed on the nectar.[29] Other flowers they will visit include Canavalia, Commicarpus, Ipomoea, Melanthera, Plumbago and Scaevola.[26] Ochetellus flavipes regularly attends the mealybug Prorsococcus acanthodus and protects it by building shelters.[23] They also attend a number of butterfly larvae, including Anthene lycaenoides (Pale Ciliate Blue),[30] Ogyris amaryllis (Satin Azure),[31] Ogyris olane (Olane Azure) and Ogyris oroetes (Silky Azure).[32]

Predators such as other ants and the thorny devil lizard (Moloch horridus) predominantly feed on Ochetellus workers; the number of ants that a thorny devil can consume per minute is around 24 to 45.[33] The total number of ants consumed in a day can be as many as 2,500 individuals, based on an examination of the lizard's stomach contents.[34]

During the nuptial flight, a queen may mate with multiple males, while the males will only mate with a single queen, making them monogynous.[19] However, Ochetellus glaber queens will only mate with a single male, making them polygynous.[20] Sometimes, colonies proliferate by "budding" (also called "satelliting" or "fractionating"), where a subset of the colony including queens, workers and brood (eggs, larvae and pupae) leave the main colony for an alternative nest site.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Bolton, B. (2014). "Ochetellus". AntCat. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e Shattuck, S. O. (1992). "Review of the dolichoderine ant genus Iridomyrmex Mayr with descriptions of three new genera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society. 31 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1992.tb00453.x.
  3. ^ Shattuck, Steve O. (1994). Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Vol. 112. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-520-09787-2. ISSN 0068-6417.
  4. ^ a b c Mayr, Gustav (1862). "Myrmecologische Studien" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 12: 649–776.
  5. ^ a b c d Shattuck, Steve O. (1992). "Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Sociobiology. 21 (1): 1–181. ISSN 0361-6525.
  6. ^ Dubovikoff, Dimitry A. (2005). "The system of taxon Bothriomyrmex Emery, 1869 sensu lato (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and relatives genera" (PDF). Kavkazskii Entomologicheskii Byulleten. 1 (1): 89–94.
  7. ^ Ward, P.S.; Brady, S.G.; Fisher, B.L.; Schultz, T.R. (2010). "Phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants: effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference". Systematic Biology. 59: 342–362. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syq012. PMID 20525640.
  8. ^ "Genus: Ochetellus". antweb.org. AntWeb. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  9. ^ Forel, Auguste H. (1902). "Fourmis nouvelles d'Australie" (PDF). Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 10: 405–548.
  10. ^ a b Viehmeyer, H. (1914). "Papuanische Ameisen" (PDF). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift: 515–535. doi:10.1002/mmnd.48019140503. ISSN 0323-6145.
  11. ^ a b Mann, W.M. (1921). "The ants of the Fiji Islands" (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 64: 401–499.
  12. ^ Don, Warwick (2007). Ants of New Zealand. Dunedin: Otago University Press. pp. 165–168. ISBN 978-1-877372-47-6.
  13. ^ Shattuck, Steve O. (1999). Australian Ants: Their Biology and Identification. Vol. 3. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing. p. 777. ISBN 978-0-643-06659-5.
  14. ^ Hoffmann, Ben; Andersen, Alan; Zhang, Xiang (2011). "Taxonomic confusion of two tramp ant species: Iridomyrmex anceps and Ochetellus glaber are really species complexes" (PDF). Current Zoology. 57 (5): 662–667. doi:10.1093/czoolo/57.5.662.
  15. ^ Krushelnycky, Paul D.; Loope, Lloyd L.; Reimer, Neil J. (2005). "The ecology, policy, and management of ants in Hawaii". Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 37: 1–22. ISSN 0073-134X.
  16. ^ a b Starr, Forest; Kim, Starr; Lloyd L., Loope (2008). Survey for Ants on the Island of Maui, Hawaii, with Emphasis on the Little Fire Ant (Wasmannia auropunctata) (PDF) (Technical report). Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Department of Botany. 156.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Shattuck, Steve; Barnett, Natalie (2010). "Ochetellus Shattuck, 1992". Ants Down Under. CSIRO Division of Entomology. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010.
  18. ^ Deyrup, Mark; Davis, Lloyd; Cover, Stefan (2000). "Exotic Ants in Florida" (PDF). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 126 (3/4): 293–326. JSTOR 25078718.
  19. ^ a b Yamauchi, Katsuske; Ogata, Kazuo (1995). "Social Structure and Reproductive Systems of Tramp Versus Endemic Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Ryukyu Islands" (PDF). Pacific Science. 49 (1): 55–68.
  20. ^ a b c d e Cornelius, Mary L.; Grace, J. Kenneth (1997). "Influence of brood on the nutritional preferences of the tropical ant species, Pheidole megacephala (F.) and Ochetellus glaber (Mayr)" (PDF). Journal of Entomological Science. 32: 421–429. doi:10.18474/0749-8004-32.4.421.
  21. ^ a b c "Ochetellus Shattuck, 1992". Atlas of Living Australia. Government of Australia. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  22. ^ Hadlington, Phillip; Beck, Louise (1996). "10". Australian termites and other common timber pests (2nd ed.). Kensington, NSW, Australia: New South Wales University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-86840-399-1.
  23. ^ a b Morton, S. R.; Christian, K. A. (November 1994). "Ecological Observations on the Spinifex Ant, Ochetellus flavipes (Kirby) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), of Australia's Northern Arid Zone" (PDF). Australian Journal of Entomology. 33 (4): 309–316. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1994.tb01235.x.
  24. ^ Heatwole, Done & Cameron 1981, p. 182.
  25. ^ Sands, D.P.A.; Scotts, S.E.; Moffatt, R. (1997). "The threatened Richmond birdwing butterfly (Ornithoptera richmondia [Gray]): a community conservation project". Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria. 56 (2): 449–453. doi:10.24199/j.mmv.1997.56.37. ISSN 0814-1827. LCCN 90644802. OCLC 11628078.
  26. ^ a b Heatwole, Done & Cameron 1981, pp. 252–254.
  27. ^ Walker, K. (2006). "Black house ant (Ochetellus glaber)". PaDIL (Australian Biosecurity). Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  28. ^ Sugiura, S. (10 February 2010). "Species interactions-area relationships: biological invasions and network structure in relation to island area". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1689): 1807–1815. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2086. PMC 2871870. PMID 20147330.
  29. ^ Heatwole, Done & Cameron 1981, p. 181.
  30. ^ Braby 2004, p. 270.
  31. ^ Braby 2004, p. 234.
  32. ^ Braby 2004, p. 236.
  33. ^ Pianka, Eric R.; Vitt, Laurie J. (2006). Lizards: windows to the evolution of diversity. Vol. 5 (1st ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-520-24847-2.
  34. ^ Pianka, Eric R.; Pianka, Helen D. (2 March 1970). "The Ecology of Moloch horridus (Lacertilia: Agamidae) in Western Australia". Copeia. 1970 (1): 90. doi:10.2307/1441978. JSTOR 1441978.

Cited texts

  • Braby, Michael F. (2004). The complete field guide to butterflies of Australia. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09027-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Heatwole, H.; Done, T.; Cameron, E. (1981). Community ecology of a coral cay. The Hague: Junk. ISBN 978-90-6193-096-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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