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"Oliver's Army"
Single by Elvis Costello and the Attractions
from the album Armed Forces
B-side"My Funny Valentine"
Released2 February 1979 (1979-02-02)
RecordedAugust–September 1978
StudioEden, London
GenreNew wave
Length2:58
LabelRadar
Songwriter(s)Elvis Costello
Producer(s)Nick Lowe
Elvis Costello and the Attractions singles chronology
"Radio Radio"
(1978) 		"Oliver's Army"
(1979) 		"Accidents Will Happen"
(1979)

"Oliver's Army" is a song written by Elvis Costello and performed by Elvis Costello and the Attractions, from the former's third studio album Armed Forces (1979). The song is a new wave track that was lyrically inspired by the Troubles in Northern Ireland and includes lyrics critical of the socioeconomic components of war. Costello had traveled to Northern Ireland and was influenced by sights of British soldiers patrolling Belfast. Musically, the song features a glossy production and a keyboard performance inspired by ABBA, creating a juxtaposition between the lyrics and music that both critics and Costello himself have pointed out.

Released as the first single from Armed Forces, "Oliver's Army" was Costello's most successful single in the United Kingdom, spending three weeks at number two on the UK Singles Chart and remaining on the chart for 12 weeks. The song also charted in New Zealand, the Netherlands, Ireland and Australia, and spawned a successful follow-up single, "Accidents Will Happen", that reached the top 30 in the UK.

"Oliver's Army" has since been recognized by writers as one of the highlights of Armed Forces and has received critical acclaim for its melody, production, and lyrics. The song has appeared on numerous rankings of Costello's greatest songs, as well as on multiple compilation albums. It has been covered by multiple artists, including Blur and Frank Skinner.

Background

A man dressed in a black suit holds a guitar while singing into a microphone.
Elvis Costello wrote "Oliver's Army" about the Troubles.

Costello wrote "Oliver's Army" as a comment on the Troubles in Northern Ireland during the 1970s. He was inspired to write the song after seeing British officers patrolling the streets of Belfast during a trip he took.[1] He stated, "I made my first trip to Belfast in 1978 and saw mere boys walking around in battle dress with automatic weapons. They were no longer just on the evening news. These snapshot experiences exploded into visions of mercenaries and imperial armies around the world. The song was based on the premise 'they always get a working class boy to do the killing'".[2][3] Costello's family had roots in the Northern Ireland conflict; as his father, Ross McManus, recalled, "'Oliver's Army' is an important track for me ... My grandfather was an Ulster Catholic, and as a child, I lived in an area where bigotry was rife".[4] Costello's Irish grandfather, Pat McManus, had served as a British soldier during World War I and the Easter Rising.[1][5]

According to Sound on Sound, the title "Oliver" refers to English Parliamentarian leader Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658).[6][7] In addition to the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the song references other "imperialist" conflicts in Hong Kong, Palestine and South Africa.[6] However, Costello later explained that the song was not intended to be a comprehensive political piece; he said, "It wasn't supposed to read like a coherent political argument. It was pop music".[1] He also pointed out that the opening lyrics "argued the absurdity of even trying to write about such a complex subject".[1]

The song lyrics contain the phrase "white nigger", a racial slur which usually remains uncensored on radio stations. The usage of the phrase came under scrutiny, particularly after Costello used racial slurs during a drunken argument with Stephen Stills and Bonnie Bramlett in 1979.[nb 1] That same year, Costello's father published a letter in Rolling Stone defending his son against accusations of racism, saying, "Nothing could be further from the truth. My own background has meant that I am passionately opposed to any form of prejudice based on religion or race. ... His mother comes from the tough multiracial area of Liverpool, and I think she would still beat the tar out of him if his orthodoxy were in doubt".[4] In March 2013, the radio station BBC Radio 6 Music played the song with the phrase removed, despite BBC radio stations having played the song uncensored for over 30 years.[nb 2] This decision attracted public criticism, given the intended anti-racist and anti-war theme of the single.[3][9][10][11]

Music

Dubbed "a 45 that radio could hardly refuse" by AllMusic's Mark Deming, "Oliver's Army" is a new wave song with a radio-friendly arrangement that has been described as "glossy".[12][13] Deming noted the "pop-friendly production" and Costello's "almost jubilant-sounding vocal [distinct] from the traditionally dour (or threatening) Costello, who even embellished himself with some tight vocal harmony overdubs".[12] The song was noted for keyboardist Steve Nieve's "buoyant" piano part, which was inspired by ABBA's 1976 hit single "Dancing Queen".[12][13][14] Both Nieve and Costello have explicitly acknowledged the influence, with the latter calling "Dancing Queen" "manna from heaven".[15][16]

Many critics have made note of the juxtaposition between the song's music and lyrics; Jim Beviglia of American Songwriter said that "'Oliver's Army' heap[s] bucketfuls of the sweet stuff all over the instrumental arrangement to make sure his acerbic lyrics would get the audience they deserved", while Deming described the song as one of Costello's "most pungently political set of songs up to that time, but wrapped them in catchy melodies ... that gave Elvis the Menace a real chance at cracking the singles charts in America".[12][13] Janet Maslin of Rolling Stone summed up the song's multiple dimensions, saying, "You can hear it one way, or the other way, or both. Elvis Costello doesn't seem to give a damn what you do, and that’s no small part of his charm".[17] Costello later commented on this, saying, "I don't think [the song's] success was because of the lyrics. I always liked the idea of a bright pop tune that you could be singing along to for ages before you realize what it is you're actually singing. Of course, the downside of that is some people only hear the tune and never listen to the words. After a while, I got frustrated at that".[7][18]

"Oliver's Army" features the famous '50s progression, which is defined by an I–vi–IV–V progression common in doo-wop.[19] The song also makes use of frequent key changes, beginning in A during the verses, changing briefly to C#7 at the end of the verse, and then changing to E in the pre-chorus before coming back to A in the chorus.[20]

Release

"Oliver's Army" became our biggest hit single, stalling at number two on the charts while records by Blondie, Boney M., and the Bee Gees all overtook us at the top of the hit parade. I thought briefly about changing my name again to something beginning with a B.

– Elvis Costello[1]

"Oliver's Army" was first performed at the 1978 Roskilde Festival. At the time, the song was not seen as a potential hit. Bassist Bruce Thomas later said, "I wasn't particularly aware that that was going to be our anthemic song. ... It's hard to tell".[21] Costello expected that the song would be used as a B-side.[22][14] According to Costello, he was "about to scrap" the track until producer Nick Lowe convinced him to finish recording the song.[1] However, the song was completed to be released on Costello's third album, Armed Forces (1979).

"Oliver's Army" was released as the debut single from Armed Forces on 2 February 1979, backed with Costello's rendition of the 1937 show-tune "My Funny Valentine".[23] The single was a commercial hit in the UK, reaching number two over a chart stay of 12 weeks.[24] It was kept from the top position by "Tragedy" by the Bee Gees and "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor.[14] The single remains Costello's most successful UK single release, as he never reached number one in the UK.[25] "Oliver's Army" was also a hit in other countries, reaching number four in Ireland, number 24 in Australia, and number 25 in New Zealand; however, the song failed to chart in the United States, despite radio airplay and the success of Armed Forces in the US.[6][26][27][28][29] The follow-up single "Accidents Will Happen" also saw commercial success, charting at number 28 in the United Kingdom.[24]

A music video directed by Chuck Slatter for "Oliver's Army" was released in order to accompany the song.[30] Filmed in Hawaii while Costello and the Attractions were on tour, the video was shot at 4 AM in a strip club after the band could not find another location.[31] It aired on MTV's first US broadcast day on 1 August 1981 (1981-08-01).[32]

As a result of the huge success of the single, Costello felt insecure about the relationship he had with his audience, particularly those who only recognized "Oliver's Army". As he later explained, "I saw people responding without any kind of understanding or consideration. We'd play a set where we'd play brilliantly all night and then we'd do our hit single and people would go crazy. Yet they would be bewildered by the rest of what we were doing".[33]

"Oliver's Army" has since been released on multiple compilation albums, including The Best of Elvis Costello and the Attractions, Girls Girls Girls, and The Very Best of Elvis Costello.[34][35][36]

Critical reception

"Oliver's Army" has attracted positive reviews from music critics. In 1979, Geoffrey Himes of The Washington Post praised the "compressed drama" of "Oliver's Army", along with all the other tracks on Armed Forces, and highlighted the song's lyrics, despite calling it "almost a direct steal from Spector's hit with the Ronettes, 'Baby, I Love You'".[29] Maslin called the track the "pièce de résistance" of Armed Forces and praised the contrast between the song's music and lyrics.[17] Douglas Wolk of Blender Magazine named the song as one of the key tracks from Armed Forces to download, while Matt LeMay of Pitchfork Media called the song "stunning".[37][38] Author Graeme Thomson called the track the "pinnacle of Elvis' ability to be all things to all people" and praised the way Costello "melded serious lyrics to insanely catchy pop".[33]

The song has since been rated in numerous rankings as one of Costello's best songs. The Daily Telegraph's Martin Chilton ranked the song number one on his top 40 list of best Costello songs, calling it a "catchy tune with powerful lyrics".[18] Jeremy Allen of The Guardian named the song one of the ten best Elvis Costello songs, describing the song as "so smart and subversive that many were unaware it was a protest song at all" and comparing it positively against his 1989 writing partner Paul McCartney's Irish protest song "Give Ireland Back to the Irish".[14] Ryan J. Prado of Paste ranked the song Costello's ninth best and said that "the song is great no matter how thinly you spread its political agendas".[39] Beviglia named the song Costello's 12th best, while Brian Hyatt of Entertainment Weekly named it one of his top 10 Costello songs.[13][40]

Live performances

Throughout Costello's career, "Oliver's Army" has remained a mainstay of his live setlist; Thomson described the song as an "old crowd pleaser".[41] Shortly after its release, Costello and the Attractions performed the song on television programs for promotion.[42] In a piece for The Guardian, Costello mocked his dress from a performance of the song on the Kenny Everett Video Show,[14] recalling, "During my 'Pop Star Period: 1978-79' I was a fashion disaster of checkerboard eyestrain. I wore powder-blue and pink suits, turquoise lamé jackets and pointy red leather Chelsea boots, but I usually appeared pretty glassy-eyed and shiny under the hot studio lights. No wonder the girls all swooned".[42] Referencing his performance of "Oliver's Army" on Top of the Pops, Costello sardonically wrote, "Checkerboard jacket alert..."[42]

Costello performed "Oliver's Army", along with other political songs, as part of a 9 March 1984 protest concert against Margaret Thatcher during the 1984-85 mining strike.[43] "Oliver's Army" was also performed at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival.[44]

Personnel

Personnel per Armed Forces liner notes.[45]

Chart performance

Cover versions

Britpop band Blur recorded a version of the song for Peace Together, a compilation album released in 1993 to promote peace in Northern Ireland.[51] OK Go released a cover on their 2014 rarity album The Compleat 12 Months of (Rare, Unreleased) OK Go,[52] while Cannon and Ball released a version on their 1980 album Rock On Tommy.[53] Comedian Frank Skinner performed the song when he impersonated Costello on a celebrity edition of Stars in Their Eyes in 1999, the mention of "nigger" replaced with "figure".[54] Belle and Sebastian performed a live version of the song at a 2005 concert in Perth.[55]

"Oliver's Army" has also been performed by the original version's producer Nick Lowe, who sang the song at an event at the Great American Music Hall in 2010.[56] The performance was part of an event titled "Costello Sings Lowe, Nick Sings Elvis – A Rare Bashing of Each Other's Songs", where Lowe and Costello performed each other's songs.[56]

Notes

  1. ^ Melody Maker's Tony Rayns, in an otherwise positive review of Armed Forces, wrote of the use of profanity, "At best it's feeble, at worst it's offensive".[8]
  2. ^ Broadcast regulator Tony Close said that "words targeting particular communities had become of 'greater concern'" in recent years.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Costello 2016, pp. 35–36.
  2. ^ Armed Forces (sleeve notes). Rhino Records. 2002.
  3. ^ a b Gupta, Prachi. "BBC gets heat for censoring Elvis Costello's 1979 hit 'Oliver's Army'". Salon. Salon Media Group. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  4. ^ a b McManus, Ross (14 June 1979). "Elvis Costello". Rolling Stone. New York City: Jann Wenner.
  5. ^ Thomson 2006, p. 10.
  6. ^ a b c Buskin, Richard. "Elvis Costello & The Attractions 'Oliver's Army'". Sound on Sound. SOS Publications Group. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  7. ^ a b Frederick, Kym. "Story Behind The Song: Oliver's Army by Elvis Costello". Newport City Radio. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  8. ^ Thomson 2006, p. 133.
  9. ^ a b Perone 2015, p. 27.
  10. ^ "BBC Radio 4: Feedback". BBC. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  11. ^ "BBC criticised for censoring Elvis Costello lyrics". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d Deming, Mark. "Oliver's Army". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d Beviglia, Jim. "The Top 20 Elvis Costello Songs". American Songwriter. ForASong Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d e Allen, Jeremy. "Elvis Costello: 10 of the best". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  15. ^ Rosenberg, Jeff. "Extended Q&A: Steve Nieve—The Attraction keyboardist talks working with Elvis Costello, through recordings good and bad". Willamette Week. Mark Zusman. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  16. ^ Jonze, Tim. "Why Abba's Dancing Queen is the best pop song ever". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  17. ^ a b Maslin, Janet. "Armed Forces". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  18. ^ a b Chilton, Martin. "Elvis Costello's 40 best songs". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  19. ^ ""Oliver's Army"". MusicNotes. Retrieved 18 March 2019.(subscription required)
  20. ^ Bruno 2005.
  21. ^ Thomson 2006, p. 124.
  22. ^ Thomson 2006, p. 246.
  23. ^ Gimarc 2005, p. 184.
  24. ^ a b "Elvis Costello". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  25. ^ Sexton, Paul. "reDiscover Elvis Costello's 'Armed Forces'". uDiscoverMusic. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  26. ^ "The Irish Charts – All there is to know". www.irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011. Searchable database
  27. ^ a b "australian-charts.com – Discography Elvis Costello". 2006–2011 Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2011.Charts from 1989 onwards
  28. ^ a b "Dutchcharts.nl Elvis Costello discography". Hung Medien. MegaCharts. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  29. ^ a b Himes, Geoffrey. "Elvis On the Crest". The Washington Post. Donald E. Graham. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  30. ^ Thomson 2006, p. 130.
  31. ^ Thomson 2006, pp. 130–131.
  32. ^ Hoye, Jacob; Levin, David P.; Cohn, Stuart (2001). MTV Uncensored. Pocket Books. p. 45. ISBN 0-7434-2682-7. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  33. ^ a b Thomson 2006, p. 136.
  34. ^ Greenberg, Adam. "The Best of Elvis Costello & the Attractions". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  35. ^ Ruhlmann, William. "Girls Girls Girls". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  36. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Very Best of Elvis Costello". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  37. ^ Wolk, Douglas (March 2005). "Elvis Costello: Armed Forces". Blender. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  38. ^ LeMay, Matt (2 March 2003). "Elvis Costello & The Attractions: Armed Forces". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2005.
  39. ^ Prado, Ryan J. "The 20 Best Songs By Elvis Costello". Paste. Wolfgang's Vault. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  40. ^ Hiatt, Brian. "Elvis Costello's 10 greatest tunes". Entertainment Weekly. Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  41. ^ Thomson 2006, p. 185.
  42. ^ a b c Costello, Elvis. "Elvis Costello and the curse of Top of the Pops". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  43. ^ Thomson 2006, pp. 219–220.
  44. ^ COS Staff. "Watch Elvis Costello perform at Glastonbury 2013". Consequence of Sound. Consequence Holdings, LLC. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  45. ^ Armed Forces (Liner notes). Elvis Costello. 1979.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  46. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Oliver's Army". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  47. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 17, 1979" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  48. ^ "Elvis Costello – Oliver's Army" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  49. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  50. ^ "Top Singles 1979". Music Week. London, England: Spotlight Publications. 22 December 1979. p. 27.
  51. ^ Parisien, Roch. "Peace Together". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  52. ^ "The Compleat 12 Months of (Rare, Unreleased) OK Go". okgo.net. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  53. ^ "Cannon and Ball - Music - Rock on Tommy Album". Comedykings.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  54. ^ "Meanwhile, back on earth". The Guardian. 4 September 1999. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  55. ^ "Belle and Sebastian, Perth Concert Hall 4/5". The Herald Scotland. Herald & Times Group. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  56. ^ a b de Lone, Austin. "Nick Lowe: the true-blue Basher shows up for a friend". The Fortnightly Review. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.

Further reading

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