PRDM12
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PR domain zinc finger protein 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRDM12 gene. This gene is normally switched on during the development of pain-sensing nerve cells. People with homozygous mutations of the PRDM12 gene experience congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP).[5][6] PRMD12 is a part of a larger domain that mediate histone methyltransferases. Enzymes target gene promoters in order to control gene expression.[7]
Structure
[edit]The human protein isoform is made up of 367 amino acids containing a PR domain (related to the SET methyltransferase domain), 3 zinc fingers, and a C-terminal polyalanine tract.[5]
Function
[edit]PRDM12 influences the development of nerve cells that assist in perception and sensation of pain, which is an important evolutionary advantage. In humans, mutations in the PRDM12 gene can cause loss of pain perception brought on by defects in the development of sensory neurons.[8] It also has a range of interactions with and affects on various proteins. In vertebrates, PRDM12 directly represses the DBX1 and NKX6 genes. This is thought to be accomplished by utilizing G9a, a strong H3K9 methyltransferase. The indicated result of PRDM12's cross-repressive interaction with the DBX1 and NKX6 genes is that the PRDM12 partially acts as a promoter of V1 interneurons (which are essential to the locomotion of vertebrates).[9] It is a member of the group of PR- domain-containing zinc-finger familyfingers, "which appear to function as negative regulators of oncogenesis and include the tumor-associated genes MDS1-EVI1, RIZ, BLIMP1, MEL1 and PFM1. PRDM12 therefore represents an attractive candidate tumour suppressor gene within the der(9) [derivative chromosome 9] CDR [commonly deleted region]."[10] Several members of the PRDM family are found to be acting as a tumor suppressor or a factor driving oncogenic processes in human diseases, specifically and most notably in solid cancers and hematological malignancies. It is hoped that further study may reveal target genes of PRDM proteins so a greater understanding of the functions of the PRDM family can be achieved.[11] In Xenopus embryos, PRDM12 expression "was partially co-localized with the lateral expression regions" of the SIX1, PAX3, ISLET1, and PAX6 genes, but not those of the FOXD3 and SIX3 genes. In cases where BMP4 was overexpressed, embryos showed an increase in PRDM12 expression. Data indicated that the regulation of PRDM12 expression in Xenopus embryos was controlled by BMP and Wnt signaling.[12]
PRDM12 codes for a protein which regulates the neurological path through which pain in perceived, known as PR domain zinc finger protein 12.[13] The protein plays a vital role in the regulation of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.[12][14] PRDM12’s protein also directly affects the development of nerve-endings. The protein is synthesized at the same developmental point as the neurons which sense pain and the growth of the two is linked.[6] The mutation of this gene results in a non-functioning protein, which in-turn causes a failure to develop the pain-sensing nerve endings and an organism without sensitivity to pain.[15] This lack of pain-sensing nerve endings can cause severe harm to the individual, as they cannot sense when they are injured by something such as a hot stove-eye or broken bone.[6] PRDM12’s protein has also been found to be a tumor suppressor for chronic myloid leukemia.[10] The protein controls gene expression by modifying chromatin.[15] PRDMs as a family tend to require enzyme help to modify histones, with some exceptions.[16]
Clinical significance
[edit]In humans, mutations in the PRDM12 gene can cause loss of pain perception brought on by defects in the development of sensory neurons.[8] There are a number of diseases and conditions that can result from mutations in the PRDM12 gene.
Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) is a characterized by an inability to feel pain.[17] This is a rare condition that is present at birth due to a lack of, or malfunction of, nociceptors.[17] There are three different genes that can be mutated to cause CIP. First, a mutation in the SCN9A makes it impossible for nociceptors to respond to harmful stimuli because it causes the gene to lose its function.[17] Second, a mutation in the NTRK1 causes a loss of function for the gene and leads to a failure in nociceptor development.[17] Finally, researchers have identified 10 homozygous mutations on PRDM12 that appeared to be linked to this condition.[15] Past research has shown that PRDM12 is involved in the modification of chromatin.[15] Chromatin can turn genes off and on by attaching itself to chromosomes and acting as an epigenetic switch.[15] Chromatin play a huge role in neuron development, so researcher hypothesized that mutations in the PRDM12 gene prevent nociceptors and nerve fibers from developing normally. [15] They then studied the nerve biopsies of patients with this condition and found that the patients affected by this condition are lacking pain sensing never fibers in their legs, or only have half the amount they should have.[15]
Another condition caused by mutations in the PRDM12 gene is hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII.[citation needed] HSAN VIII is a very rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder that also begins at birth and is characterized by an inability to feel pain and an inability to sweat (anhidrosis).[citation needed] Anhidrosis can cause frequent episodes of high body temperature of high fever.[citation needed] Other signs of this condition can include early loss of teeth, server soft tissue injuries, dental caries and submucosal abscesses, hypomineralization of primary, and mandibular osteomyelitis.[18] Abnormal functioning of the sensory nerves is what causes the sensory loss in patients with this condition.[citation needed]
A third condition that may be caused by a mutation in the PRDM12 gene is Midface toddler excoriation syndrome (MiTES).[19] MiTES is an newly discovered condition that has recently been reported in three children who were unrelated.[19] Persistent scratching around the nose and eyes from the first year of life results in deep, scarring wounds in the patients with this condition.[19] Doctors say because of these wounds, it is easy to mistake this condition with child abuse.[19] Researchers found that four out of the five patients with MiTES have the same autosomal recessive mutations in the PRDM12 gene that causes HSAN VIII.[19]
Members of the PRDM family have all been connected to over-expression, epigentic splicing, deletion, or mutations in various types of cancer.[20] PRDM12 in particular has been found to play a role in Chronic myeloid leukaemia, which is a clonal stem cell disorder.[21] Researchers mapped the microdeletions and identified a minimal common deleted region.[21] Within this common deleted region was the PRDM12 gene.[21] Because the PRDM family appears to includes tumor suppressor genes and functions as negative regulators of oncogenesis, PDRM12 represents an ideal candidate tumor suppressor gene for chronic myeloid leukaemia.[21]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130711 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000079466 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b Chen YC, Auer-Grumbach M, Matsukawa S, Zitzelsberger M, Themistocleous AC, Strom TM, et al. (July 2015). "Transcriptional regulator PRDM12 is essential for human pain perception" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 47 (7): 803–8. doi:10.1038/ng.3308. hdl:2262/75983. PMC 7212047. PMID 26005867.
- ^ a b c Costandi M (25 May 2015). "Uncomfortably numb: The people who feel no pain". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ Hohenauer T, Moore AW (July 2012). "The Prdm family: expanding roles in stem cells and development". Development. 139 (13): 2267–82. doi:10.1242/dev.070110. PMID 22669819.
- ^ a b Elhennawy K, Reda S, Finke C, Graul-Neumann L, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Bartzela T (August 2017). "Oral manifestations, dental management, and a rare homozygous mutation of the PRDM12 gene in a boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII: a case report and review of the literature". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 11 (1): 233. doi:10.1186/s13256-017-1387-z. PMC 5556355. PMID 28807049.
- ^ Thélie A, Desiderio S, Hanotel J, Quigley I, Van Driessche B, Rodari A, et al. (October 2015). "Prdm12 specifies V1 interneurons through cross-repressive interactions with Dbx1 and Nkx6 genes in Xenopus". Development. 142 (19): 3416–28. doi:10.1242/dev.121871. PMC 4631751. PMID 26443638.
- ^ a b Reid AG, Nacheva EP (January 2004). "A potential role for PRDM12 in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukaemia with derivative chromosome 9 deletion". Leukemia. 18 (1): 178–80. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403162. PMID 14523459.
- ^ Fog CK, Galli GG, Lund AH (January 2012). "PRDM proteins: important players in differentiation and disease". BioEssays. 34 (1): 50–60. doi:10.1002/bies.201100107. PMID 22028065.
- ^ a b Matsukawa S, Miwata K, Asashima M, Michiue T (March 2015). "The requirement of histone modification by PRDM12 and Kdm4a for the development of pre-placodal ectoderm and neural crest in Xenopus". Developmental Biology. 399 (1): 164–176. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.028. PMID 25576027.
- ^ EMBL-EBI, InterPro. "PR domain zinc finger protein 12 (Q9H4Q4) < InterPro < EMBL-EBI". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-11-09.
- ^ "PRDM12 Gene". GeneCards Human Gene Database.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hiscott R (28 May 2015). "Researchers Identify New Genetic Mutations Linked to Pain Insensitivity". Neurology Today. American Academy of Neurology. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
- ^ Derunes C, Briknarová K, Geng L, Li S, Gessner CR, Hewitt K, et al. (August 2005). "Characterization of the PR domain of RIZ1 histone methyltransferase". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 333 (3): 925–34. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.190. PMID 15964548.
- ^ a b c d Zhang S, Malik Sharif S, Chen YC, Valente EM, Ahmed M, Sheridan E, Bennett C, Woods G (August 2016). "Clinical features for diagnosis and management of patients with PRDM12 congenital insensitivity to pain". Journal of Medical Genetics. 53 (8): 533–5. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103646. PMC 4975812. PMID 26975306.
- ^ Elhennawy K, Reda S, Finke C, Graul-Neumann L, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Bartzela T (August 2017). "Oral manifestations, dental management, and a rare homozygous mutation of the PRDM12 gene in a boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII: a case report and review of the literature". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 11 (1): 233. doi:10.1186/s13256-017-1387-z. PMC 5556355. PMID 28807049.
- ^ a b c d e Moss C, Srinivas SM, Sarveswaran N, Nahorski M, Gowda VK, Browne FM, Woods G (November 2018). "Midface toddler excoriation syndrome (MiTES) can be caused by autosomal recessive biallelic mutations in a gene for congenital insensitivity to pain, PRDM12". The British Journal of Dermatology. 179 (5): 1135–1140. doi:10.1111/bjd.16893. PMID 29949203.
- ^ Mzoughi S, Tan YX, Low D, Guccione E (February 2016). "The role of PRDMs in cancer: one family, two sides". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 36: 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2016.03.009. PMID 27153352.
- ^ a b c d Reid AG, Nacheva EP (January 2004). "A potential role for PRDM12 in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukaemia with derivative chromosome 9 deletion". Leukemia. 18 (1): 178–80. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403162. PMID 14523459.