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List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers

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This is a list of the Beylerbeys, Pashas and Deys of the Regency of Algiers:

Beylerbeys of the Regency of Algiers

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No. Portrait Name Date of rule Origins Other titles Notes, faits marquants
1 Oruç Barbarossa 1517 1518 Albanian/Turkish and Greek[1] Baba Aruj The first Beylerbey of Algiers. In 1516 he and his brothers succeeded in liberating Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards. Aruj Barbarossa made conquests in the eastern lands of Morocco, in 1518 he conquered and garrisoned Oujda and Tibda.
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2 Hayreddin Barbarossa 1518 1545 Albanian/Turkish and Greek[2] Barbarossa Following Oruç's death in 1518, Khizr inherited his brother's nickname, "Barbarossa". In 1533, Barbarossa was appointed Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral) of the Ottoman Navy. He conquered Tunis in 1534, achieved a decisive victory over the Holy League at Preveza in 1538, and conducted joint campaigns with the French in the 1540s.
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3 Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa) 1545 1566 Moorish mother[3] Pasha In 1567, he was named, Kapudan pasha or Commander-in-Chief, of the Ottoman Navy, like his father before him. Hasan Pasha was at the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, and Battle of Lepanto in 1571. He died in Constantinople in 1572.
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4 Muhammad I Pasha 1566 1568 Pasha He was the son of the famous Pasha of Algiers Salah Rais. He was active in extending Algiers and building several forts.
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5 Occhiali 1568 1577 Italian [4] Kılıç Ali Pasha He became beylerbey of the Regency of Algiers, and finally Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) of the Ottoman fleet in the 16th century. In 1576 he raided Calabria and in 1578 put down another mutiny of the janissaries in Algiers who had assassinated Arab Ahmed. In 1585 he put down revolts in Syria and Lebanon.
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6 Hassan Veneziano 1577 1588 Venetian A Venetian slave, he served Uludj Ali, when he was governor of Algiers and Capitan Pasha in Constantinople. He later was appointed by him to head of the Regency of Algiers.
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Pashas (1577-1659)

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Aghas (1659-1671)

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Deys of the Deylik of Algiers

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No. Portrait Name Date of rule Origins Other titles Notes, faits marquants
1 Mohamed Trik 1671 1682 Dutch[5] Doulateli[6] The first dey of Algiers. He reduced Ottoman authority to a ceremonial role, and ousted the Janissary aghas with the help of the Raises.[7]
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2 Baba Hassan 1682 1683 Unknown Doulateli He kept the independence of Algiers under his rule. He declared war on the Kingdom of France, provoking the Djidjelli expedition, and the first and second bombardments of Algiers. He was forced to accept a peace treaty imposed by the Ottomans, which also replaced him with Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha.
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3
Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha 1683 1688 Spanish[8] Doulateli After ousting Baba Hassan he declared war on France again. He was the one to fight off the aforementioned bombardments and expeditions. Unlike Trik or Hassan, he was only quasi-independent. In 1687 the Ottomans attempted to restore total control over Algeria by sending Ismael Pasha to disembark in Algiers, But Mezzomorto refused to let him. He was ousted in 1688 by a native revolt. He was appointed admiral of the Ottoman Empire after fleeing to Tunis.
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4 Hadj Ahmed Chabane 1688 1695 Turkish[9] Doulateli He went to Versailles to improve relations with France. He successfully made Tunis an Algerian tributary, but he was strangled to death by the Janissary militia. He was instated by an anti-ottoman native revolt, so he may have been a native himself, but this is not specified.
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5 Hadj Ahmed 1695 1698 Unknown Doulateli Despite the fact that he wasn't elected by the Janissaries he catered to them heavily as to keep his power. He got murdered after a disagreement with the Janissaries.[10]
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6 Hadj Hassen Chaouch 1699 1700 Unknown Doulateli He was forced to resign after a severe defeat in a war with Tunisia
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7 Hadj Moustapha 1700 1705 Unknown Doulateli He achieved a decisive victory over Tunisian forces near Skikda, and he stopped an offensive by Ismail Ibn Sharif near the Muluya river. He failed to capture Tunis in 1705, and retreated but was caught and killed by his janissaries near Collo.
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8 Hussein Khodja 1705 1707 Unknown Doulateli His reign is marked with financial problems
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9 Mohamed Bektach 1707 1710 Arab Doulateli Started his rule by achieving a first retaking of Oran in 1707, He was assassinated by the Janissaries due to payment delays.
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10 Dely Ibrahim Dey 1710 1710 Unknown Doulateli He was assassinated after only 5 months of ruling.
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11 Baba Ali Chaouche 1710 1718 Turkish Doulateli Pasha He eliminated more than a thousand Janissaries. He refused to accept the Pasha sent from the Sublime Porte, marking his independence. He also reformed the diwan, which from then on elected the Deys of Algiers.
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12 Mohamed Ben Hassen 1718 1724 Egyptian[11] Doulateli Pasha He encountered internal difficulties especially with the tribes and the corsairs. He continued his predecessor's policy on independence, refusing to accept Ottoman orders on external policy. He was killed by the corsairs, during a revolt of the latter, who accused him of favoring the janissaries.[12]
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13 Baba Abdi (also known as Curd Abdi) 1724 1732 Unknown Doulateli Pasha He was a great defender of the interests of the corsairs and their activity. He maintained the firmness of his predecessors regarding the Ottoman Empire, refusing to let in the Pasha appointed by the Sublime Porte.[12]
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14 Baba Ibrahim Dey 1732 1745 Unknown Doulateli Pasha He failed to retake Oran from the Spanish, but he also made Tunis a tributary.
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15 Ibrahim Kouchouk 1745 1748 Unknown Doulateli Pasha His reign was marked by multiple revolts
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16 Mohamed Ibn Bekir 1748 1754 Unknown Doulateli Pasha He also had to face multiple revolts. He issued an edict, limiting the power of the Janissaries (Ahad Aman)
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17 Baba Ali Bou Sebâa 1754 1766 Unknown Doulateli Pasha Thanks to the edict issued by his predecessor he had to face 2 revolts by the Janissaries, one near Tlemcen, while the other in Constantine.[12]
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18 Muhammad V ben Othman 1766 1791 Turkish[13] Doulateli Pasha He had a relatively long reign. He was competent, pious and austere, which manifested throughout his reign. He hunted the ships of nations which refused to pay tribute, He defeated Denmark in 1772, and Spain in 1785. He also faced several rebellion in the Constantine region, where he appointed an energetic governor called Salah Bey.[12]
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19 Sidi Hassan 1791 1798 Turkish[14] Doulateli Pasha He was the uncle of the last dey of Algiers Hussain Pasha, and held several ministerial positions before being elected Dey. He retook Oran from Spain in 1792. Ruler during the American-Algerian War.
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20 Mustapha 1798 1805 Turkish[14] Doulateli Pasha He was the grandson of dey Muhammad ben Othman and was known for being close to Jewish merchants. Due to failed harvests, famine and political turmoil ensued. The Darqawa revolt sparked during his reign. He was killed by the Janissaries in 1805.
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21 Ahmed bin Ali Khodja 1805 1808 Turkish Doulateli Pasha
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22 Ali III ben Mohamed 1808 1809 Unknown Doulateli Pasha
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23
Hadj Ali Dey 1809 1815 Arab[15] Doulateli Pasha His rule was marked by authoritarianism and cruelty. The Bey of Oran revolted against him and marched until Miliana, but the Cheikhs in his army betrayed him, and as such he failed to overthrow Hadj Ali. The Bey of Titteri got decisively defeated by the tribes of the Sahara under his rule, and the Deylik failed to impose any control over the Sahara for the next few years. His rule was also marked by several revolts in Kabylia, the Tlemcen region, and the Aurès Mountains. He was assassinated while bathing.
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24 Hadj Mohamed 1815 1815 Unknown Doulateli Pasha He noticed the corruption of the Janissaries which thrived under his predecessor, and he tried to stop it, but he was assassinated instead.
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25 Omar Agha sitting on a couch.png Omar Agha 1815 1817 Greek Doulateli Pasha
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26 Ali Khodja 1817 1818 Mingrelian Doulateli Pasha
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27 Hussein Dey 1818 1830 Turkish Doulateli Pasha The last Dey of Algiers, his rule, and the Deylik of Algiers ended with the Invasion of Algiers in 1830.
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Unofficial Deys after 1830
Mustapha Boumezrag 1830 1830 Unknown Once the Bey of Titteri (governor of the southern provinces), following the fall of Algiers he declared himself the new Dey of Algiers and began a campaign of resistance against the French army, until his capital was captured and he was forced to capitulate during the Médéa expedition.[16]
Hadj Ahmed Bey 1833 1848 3/4 Algerian, 1/4 Turkish Once the Bey of Constantine, he fought the French starting in 1830, and declared himself Dey of Algeria in 1833. After defeating a large french attack in 1836, his capital was captured in 1837, after which he retreated into the Aures and the Sahara from where he waged guerilla warfare, until he surrendered in 1848.[17][18]

Timeline

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See also

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Sources

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  • Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011). L'Algérie des Algériens. ISBN 978-9961-9662-1-1.

References

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  1. ^ Holm, Bent; Rasmussen, Mikael Bøgh (2021). Imagined, Embodied and Actual Turks in Early Modern Europe. Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-99012-125-2. Hisir was the later Ottoman Chief Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. His profile almost exactly matches that of the numerous anonymous Christian and convert sailors just mentioned. His mother was Greek, and his father was a convert from the Albanian lands who had fought in the Sultan's armies.
  2. ^ Holm, Bent; Rasmussen, Mikael Bøgh (2021). Imagined, Embodied and Actual Turks in Early Modern Europe. Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-99012-125-2. Hisir was the later Ottoman Chief Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. His profile almost exactly matches that of the numerous anonymous Christian and convert sailors just mentioned. His mother was Greek, and his father was a convert from the Albanian lands who had fought in the Sultan's armies.
  3. ^ Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria. P.199. Hugh Roberts Bloomsbury Publishing,
  4. ^ Corsari nel Mediterraneo: Uluç Ali Reis (Occhiali, Uluj Ali)
  5. ^ Merouche, Lemnouar (2002). Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane: La course, mythes et réalités (in French). Bouchene. pp. 202–204. ISBN 978-2-912946-95-9.
  6. ^ Revue de L'Occident Musulman Et de la Méditerranée (in French). Association pour l'étude des sciences humaines en Afrique du Nord. 1973. p. 169.
  7. ^ Kaddache 2011, p. 415-416.
  8. ^ Imber, Colin (2010-05-01). "Daniel Panzac, La marine ottomane: de l'apogée à la chute de l'empire". Turkish Historical Review. 1 (1): 123–124. doi:10.1163/187754610x495021. ISSN 1877-5454.
  9. ^ Memoires Dela Congregation Dela Mission (in French). 1864. p. 474.
  10. ^ Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition.
  11. ^ J. Morgan (1750). A Compleat History of the Piratical States of Barbary: Viz. Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and Morocco. Containing the Origin, Revolutions, and Present State of These Kingdoms, Their Forces, Revenues, Policy, and Commerce. Illustrated with a Plan of Algiers, and a Map of Barbary. R. Griffiths. p. 182.
  12. ^ a b c d Kaddache 2011, p. 436.
  13. ^ Clercq, Maurice Le (1888). Le tombeau des cinq deys d'Alger: légende algérienne (in French). Imp. Daix.
  14. ^ a b Pacha 2024, p. 52.
  15. ^ Pacha, Ali Amri (2024). La Régence d'Alger : histoire politique d'un État nord-africain (1516 – 1871) (in French). Héritage. p. 56. ISBN 978-2-38554-074-6.
  16. ^ Khawājah, Hạmdān ibn ʻUthmān (1833). Aperçu historique et statistique sur la régence d'Alger: intitulé en arabe Le miroir ... (in French).
  17. ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987-08-20). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.
  18. ^ Biro, Yaelle; Etienne, Noemie (2021-12-20). Rhapsodic Objects: Art, Agency, and Materiality (1700–2000). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-075766-8.
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