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Poekilopleuron

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Poekilopleuron
Temporal range: Middle Bathonian, 167.7–166.1 Ma
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Gastralia
Cast of the holotype gastralia, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Clade: Avetheropoda
Clade: †Carnosauria
Genus: †Poekilopleuron
Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1836
Type species
†Poekilopleuron bucklandii
Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1836
Synonyms[1]
Genus synonyms
Species synonyms
  • Poikilopleuron bucklandi Owen, 1842
  • Poecilopleurum bucklandi Bronn, 1849
  • Poicilopleuron bucklandi Leidy, 1870
  • Megalosaurus bucklandi Hulke, 1879
  • Megalosaurus poikilopleuron Huene, 1926
  • Poekilopleuron bucklandi White, 1973
  • Poecilopleuron bucklandi Welles & Long, 1974

Poekilopleuron (meaning "varied ribs") is a genus of carnosaurian theropod dinosaur, which lived during the middle Bathonian of the Jurassic, about 168 to 166 million years ago. The genus has been used under many different spelling variants, although only one, Poekilopleuron, is valid. The type species is P. bucklandii, named after William Buckland, and many junior synonyms of it have also been erected. Little material is currently known, as the holotype was destroyed in World War II, although many casts of the material still exist.

Discovery and naming

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Geography of Normandy, France, where remains of Poekilopleuron have been found

Poekilopleuron is a genus of theropod with a long and complex history. The holotype was discovered in July 1835 near La Maladrerie and the genus was named and first described by Jacques Amand Eudes-Deslongchamps in a report published in 1836,[2][3] based on holotype material that is now destroyed. In 1837, Eudes-Deslongchamps published a more detailed account of this discovery in a monograph[4] which was also inserted next year in volume 6 of the "Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne Normandie".[5]

The holotype, which was housed in Musée de la Faculté des Sciences de Caen and destroyed during World War II, included gastralia, phalanges, a left forelimb, caudal vertebrae, chevrons, ribs and a hindlimb. Of all the material, little is still preserved, although the gastralia, phalanges and forelimb were cast and now represent the plastotype, with casts in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (specimen MNHN 1897-2) and Yale Peabody Museum (specimen YPM 4938). The original material was uncovered in a layer of the Calcaire de Caen in Normandy, France. Poekilopleuron can be assigned to the middle Bathonian in age,[1] about 167.7 to 166 million years ago.[6]

Megalosauroid neural arch and spine referred by Owen to Poekilopleuron.

In the same 1836 publication, Eudes-Deslongchamps also named the type species of Poekilopleuron, P. bucklandii.[2][3] Eudes-Deslongchamps noted similarities with some material of Megalosaurus bucklandii and Poekilopleuron, and chose the species name bucklandii for Poekilopleuron, so that if the two genera were synonymized, only the genus name would be suppressed.[1] The generic name is derived from Greek ποίκιλος, poikilos, "varied", and πλευρών, pleuron, "rib", a reference to the three types of rib present. The specific name, honouring William Buckland, was deliberately identical to that of Megalosaurus bucklandii.[citation needed]

Description

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Size of Poekilopleuron compared to a human

The most distinctive feature of Poekilopleuron were its forelimbs. Their length, about 60 cm, was a sign of this theropod's more original build. Unlike later Theropoda, whose forelimbs tended toward reduction in length in proportion to the animals' size, Poekilopleuron's were long and, by implication, potent. The length mostly resided in the elongated but powerfully muscled humerus. The antebrachia (forearms) were markedly short and robust, a characteristic shared with Poekilopleuron's slightly later and considerably larger American cousin Torvosaurus. A unique feature is a lack of the olecranon process on the ulna.[1]

The fossil of Poekilopleuron showed a rare complete set of gastralia: fourteen pair of belly ribs supported the body of the animal.[1]

Cau (2024) suggested that the contemporary Dubreuillosaurus (originally assigned to Poekilopleuron) may represent a junior synonym, attributing the skeletal differences as positional and individual variation, as seen in Allosaurus. Thus, Dubreuillosaurus would represent a less mature individual of Poekilopleuron.[7]

Classification

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Poekilopleuron is a difficult taxon to classify, as its original material is lost, and few casts are known. Poekilopleuron has a history of being renamed under different species and genera, most of which are now its junior synonyms.[1]

Eudes-Deslongchamps thought the specimen might well be proven to belong to this earlier named species; if so, merely the generic name would have to be changed. Indeed, following 1879 Poekilopleuron was often subsumed under Megalosaurus bucklandii.[8] Eudes-Deslongchamps' choice caused problems however, when Friedrich von Huene in 1923 concluded it was part of Megalosaurus but as a separate species within that genus. As both species carried the same epithet bucklandii, they could no longer be distinguished. Von Huene therefore renamed the species into Megalosaurus poekilopleuron. Most later authors continued using the generic name Poekilopleuron.[citation needed]

Another problem was caused by the fact that the name was only partially Latinised. In correct Greek it would have been "poikilopleuron", in Latin "poecilopleurum". This induced later writers to improve the spelling, leading to such variants as Poecilopleuron and Poikilopleuron (still used as late as 2006). However, the original name has priority and is valid.[citation needed]

Five other species would be named in the genus. In 1869 Edward Drinker Cope renamed Laelaps gallicus into Poekilopleuron gallicum.[9] In 1870 Joseph Leidy created a Poicilopleuron valens based on a fossil probably belonging to Allosaurus.[10] In 1876 Richard Owen named a Poikilopleuron pusillus, in 1879 renamed by Cope to Poekilopleuron minor; in 1887 Harry Govier Seeley made it a separate genus: Aristosuchus.[11] In 1883 W.A. Kiprijanow created a Poekilopleuron schmidti, of which the specific name honours Friedrich Schmidt, based on some indeterminate ribs and a sauropod metatarsal.[12] This chimaera is a nomen dubium. A much later named species is Poekilopleuron valesdunensis created by Ronan Allain in 2002.[13] In 2005 it was renamed Dubreuillosaurus.[14]

Life restoration of two Poekilopleuron

Because the original fossil was destroyed and no other remains of Poekilopleuron have since been found, and also because of its name change, there is much controversy surrounding its classification that cannot be resolved. Traditionally it has been assigned to the Megalosauridae, but some recent analyses showed a position in the Sinraptoridae; others had as result it was a member of Megalosauroidea, in a basal position or in the Eustreptospondylinae. Benson et al. (2010) found it and Lourinhanosaurus to belong to Sinraptoridae.[15] An earlier study found that it was a primitive allosauroid outside Sinraptoridae.[16] However, a recent analysis by Carrano et al. (2012), also used in subsequent studies of tetanuran theropods, recovered it as a Megalosauroid closely related to Afrovenator.[17][18] However, the authors of that study state that this position is uncertain since "with a single additional step it can be recovered as a piatnitzkysaurid, elsewhere within Megalosauridae, or at several possible positions within Allosauria."

In recent studies, Poekilopleuron was recovered within different positions of Allosauroidea. Cau (2024) recovered Poekilopleuron within Metriacanthosauridae,[7] while Rauhut and colleagues recovered it within Carcharodontosauria in 2019 and 2024 respectively.[19][20]

Paleobiology

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The material of Poekilopleuron bucklandii includes two tail vertebrae with the chevron of one vertebra ankylosed to the centrum of the next within the development of an exostosis. Two phalanges also preserve pathologies. One probable pedal phalanx shows three low, irregular exostosis-like projections. A second probable manual phalanx exhibits a "low rounded projection resembling a callus." Ralph Molnar considered the occurrence of three pathologies in one individual to be "noteworthy". The specimens cannot be examined further to determine the etiology of the pathologies because of their destruction during the British bombing raid in 1944.[21]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Allain R.; Chure D. J. (2002). "Poekilopleuron bucklandii, the theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Normandy" (PDF). Palaeontology. 45 (6): 1107–1121. Bibcode:2002Palgy..45.1107A. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00277.
  2. ^ a b Eudes-Deslongchamps J.-A. (1836). "Plusieurs parties d'un mémoire sur un très-grand animal fossile découvert, l'an dernier, dans les carrières de la Maladrerie à un quart de lieu de Caen". Analyse des Travaux de la Société Pendant l'Année Académique 1835–1836, Séance Publique de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie Tenue à Vire le 24 Mai 1836: 14–25.
  3. ^ a b Brignon A. (2018). "New historical data on the first dinosaurs found in France". BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin. 189 (4): 4. doi:10.1051/bsgf/2018003.
  4. ^ Eudes-Deslongchamps J.-A. (1837) Mémoire sur le Poekilopleuron bucklandii, grand saurien fossile, intermédiaire entre les crocodiles et les lézards. A. Hardel, Caen, 114 p., 8 pl.
  5. ^ Eudes-Deslongchamps J.-A. (1838). "Mémoire sur le Poekilopleuron bucklandii, grande saurien fossile, intermédiaire entre les crocodiles et les lézards, découvert dans les carrières de la Maladrerie, près Caen, au mois de juillet 1835". Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne Normandie. 6: 37–146, 8 pl.
  6. ^ Holtz, T.R. Jr (2012). "Updated genus list for Holtz (2007) Dinosaurs" (PDF). University of Maryland. p. 8.
  7. ^ a b Cau, Andrea (2024). "A Unified Framework for Predatory Dinosaur Macroevolution" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 63 (1): 1-19. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2024.08.
  8. ^ Hulke J.W. (1879). "Note on Poekilopleuron bucklandi of Eudes Deslongchamps (père), identifying it with Megalosaurus bucklandi". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 35 (1–4): 233–238. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1879.035.01-04.10. S2CID 129449805.
  9. ^ Cope, Edward (1869). "Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia of North America. Part 1". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. 14: 252.
  10. ^ Leidy J (1870). "Remarks on Poicilopleuron valens, Clidastes intermedius, Leiodon proriger, Baptemys wyomingensis, and Emys stevensonianus". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 22 (1): 3–4. JSTOR 4624064.
  11. ^ Seeley H.G. (1887). "On Aristosuchus pusillus Owen, being further notes on the fossils described by Sir R. Owen as Poikilopleuron pusillus Owen". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 43 (1–4): 221–228. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1887.043.01-04.22. S2CID 131237500.
  12. ^ Kiprijanow W.A. (1883). "Studien über die Fossilen Reptilien Russlands. IV. Theil. Ordnung Crocodilia Oppel. Indeterminierte Fossile Reptilien". Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. VIIe série. 31 (7): 1–29.
  13. ^ Allain R (2002). "Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the Middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (3): 548–563. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0548:DOMDTI]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85751613.
  14. ^ Allain R (2005). "The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (4): 850–858. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0850:TPAOTM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130620389.
  15. ^ Benson, R.B.J., Carrano, M.T and Brusatte, S.L. (2010). "A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (1): 71–78. Bibcode:2010NW.....97...71B. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x. PMID 19826771. S2CID 22646156.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Supporting Information
  16. ^ Allain R (2001). "Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure théropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie [Redescription of Streptospondylus altdorfensis, Cuvier's theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of Normandy]" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 23 (3): 349–367. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  17. ^ Rauhut, Oliver W.M.; Hübner, Tom R.; Lanser, Klaus-Peter (2016). "A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic". Palaeontologia Electronica. 19 (2): 1–65. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  18. ^ Hui Dai; Roger Benson; Xufeng Hu; Qingyu Ma; Chao Tan; Ning Li; Ming Xiao; Haiqian Hu; Yuxuan Zhou; Zhaoying Wei; Feng Zhang; Shan Jiang; Deliang Li; Guangzhao Peng; Yilun Yu; Xing Xu (2020). "A new possible megalosauroid theropod from the Middle Jurassic Xintiangou Formation of Chongqing, People's Republic of China and its implication for early tetanuran evolution". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): Article number 139. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..139D. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56959-x. PMC 6954265. PMID 31924836.
  19. ^ Oliver W. M. Rauhut; Diego Pol (2019). "Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): Article number 18826. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918826R. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53672-7. PMC 6906444. PMID 31827108.
  20. ^ Rauhut, Oliver W M; Bakirov, Aizek A; Wings, Oliver; Fernandes, Alexandra E; Hübner, Tom R (August 1, 2024). "A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 201 (4). doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae090. ISSN 0024-4082.
  21. ^ Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.
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