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Qixi Festival

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"Double Seventh Festival" redirects here. For other festivals, see Double Seventh Festival (disambiguation).
Qixi Festival
Also calledQiqiao Festival
Observed byChinese
Date7th day of 7th month
on the Chinese lunar calendar
Qixi
Chinese七夕
Literal meaning"Evening of Sevens"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinqīxī
Gwoyeu Romatzyhchishi
Wade–Gilesch'i1-hsi1
IPA[tɕʰi.ɕí]
Wu
Suzhounesetshih zih
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationchāt-jihk
Jyutpingcat1-zik6
Southern Min
Tâi-lôtshit-sia̍h
Qiqiao
Chinese乞巧
Literal meaning"Beseeching Skills"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinqǐqiǎo
Wu
Suzhounesechih chiae

The Qixi Festival (Chinese: 七夕節), also known as the Qiqiao Festival (Chinese: 乞巧節), is a Chinese festival that celebrates the annual meeting of the cowherd and weaver girl in Chinese mythology.[1] It falls on the seventh day of the 7th month on the Chinese calendar.[2][3] It is sometimes called the Double Seventh Festival,[4] the Chinese Valentine's Day,[5] the Night of Sevens,[6] or the Magpie Festival.

The festival originated from the romantic legend of two lovers, Zhinü and Niulang,[1][7] who were the weaver maid and the cowherd, respectively. The tale of The Weaver Girl and the Cowherd has been celebrated in the Qixi Festival since the Han Dynasty.[8] The earliest-known reference to this famous myth dates back to over 2600 years ago, which was told in a poem from the Classic of Poetry.[9] The Qixi festival inspired Tanabata festival in Japan, Chilseok festival in Korea, and Thất Tịch festival in Vietnam.

Mythology

See also: The Weaver Girl and the Cowherd

The general tale is about a love story between Zhinü (the weaver girl, symbolizing Vega) and Niulang (the cowherd, symbolizing Altair).[1] Their love was not allowed, thus they were banished to opposite sides of the Silver River (symbolizing the Milky Way).[1][10] Once a year, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, a flock of magpies would form a bridge to reunite the lovers for one day.[1] There are many variations of the story.[1] A variation follows:

A young cowherd, hence Niulang (Chinese: 牛郎; lit. 'cowherd'), came across a beautiful girl—Zhinü (simplified Chinese: 织女; traditional Chinese: 織女; lit. 'weavergirl'), the Goddess's seventh daughter, who had just escaped from boring heaven to look for fun. Zhinü soon fell in love with Niulang, and they got married without the knowledge of the Goddess. Zhinü proved to be a wonderful wife, and Niulang to be a good husband. They lived happily and had two children. But the Goddess of Heaven (or in some versions, Zhinü's mother) found out that Zhinü, a fairy girl, had married a mere mortal. The Goddess was furious and ordered Zhinü to return to heaven. (Alternatively, the Goddess forced the fairy back to her former duty of weaving colorful clouds, a task she neglected while living on earth with a mortal.) On Earth, Niulang was very upset that his wife had disappeared. Suddenly, his ox began to talk, telling him that if he killed it and put on its hide, he would be able to go up to Heaven to find his wife. Crying bitterly, he killed the ox, put on the skin, and carried his two beloved children off to Heaven to find Zhinü. The Goddess discovered this and was very angry. Taking out her hairpin, the Goddess scratched a wide river in the sky to separate the two lovers forever, thus forming the Milky Way between Altair and Vega. Zhinü must sit forever on one side of the river, sadly weaving on her loom, while Niulang watches her from afar while taking care of their two children (his flanking stars β and γ Aquilae or by their Chinese names Hè Gu 1 and Hè Gu 3). But once a year all the magpies in the world would take pity on them and fly up into heaven to form a bridge (鹊桥, "the bridge of magpies", Que Qiao) over the star Deneb in the Cygnus constellation so the lovers may be together for a single night, which is the seventh night of the seventh moon.[citation needed] However, sometimes in the year, there is no stars regarding to the mythology appearing in the sky.

Traditions

Ladies on the ‘Night of Sevens’ Pleading for Skills by Ding Guanpeng, 1748

Girls take part in worshiping the celestials (拜仙) during rituals.[2] They go to the local temple to pray to Zhinü for wisdom.[3] Paper items are usually burned as offerings.[11] Girls may recite traditional prayers for dexterity in needlework,[3][12] which symbolize the traditional talents of a good spouse.[3] Divination could take place to determine possible dexterity in needlework.[11] They make wishes for marrying someone who would be a good and loving husband.[1] During the festival, girls make a display of their domestic skills.[1] Traditionally, there would be contests amongst those who attempted to be the best in threading needles under low-light conditions like the glow of an ember or a half moon.[11] Today, girls sometimes gather toiletries in honor of the seven maidens.[11]

The festival also held an importance for newlywed couples.[2] Traditionally, they would worship the celestial couple for the last time and bid farewell to them (辭仙).[2] The celebration stood symbol for a happy marriage and showed that the married woman was treasured by her new family.[2]

During this festival, a festoon is placed in the yard. Single and newlywed women make offerings to Niulang and Zhinü, which may include fruit, flowers, tea, and face powder. After finishing the offerings, half of the face powder is thrown on the roof and the other half divided among the young women. It is believed that, by doing this, the women are bound in beauty with Zhinü. Tales say that it will rain on this fateful day if there's crying in heaven. Other tales say that you can hear the lovers talking if you stand under grapevines on this night.

On this day, the Chinese gaze to the sky to look for Vega and Altair shining in the Milky Way, while a third star forms a symbolic bridge between the two stars.[8] It was said that if it rains on this day that it was caused by a river sweeping away the magpie bridge or that the rain is the tears of the separated couple.[13] Based on the legend of a flock of magpies forming a bridge to reunite the couple, a pair of magpies came to symbolize conjugal happiness and faithfulness.[14]

Other

Interactive Google doodles have been launched since the 2009 Qixi Festival to mark the occasion. The latest was launched for the 2016 Qixi Festival.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Brown & Brown 2006, 72.
  2. ^ a b c d e Poon 2011, 100.
  3. ^ a b c d Melton 2010, 913.
  4. ^ Melton 2010, 912.
  5. ^ Welch 2008, 228.
  6. ^ Chester Beatty Library, online.
  7. ^ Melton 2010, 912–913.
  8. ^ a b Schomp 2009, 70.
  9. ^ Schomp 2009, 89.
  10. ^ Lai 1999, 191.
  11. ^ a b c d Stepanchuk & Wong 1991, 83
  12. ^ Kiang 1999, 132.
  13. ^ Stepanchuk & Wong 1991, 82
  14. ^ Welch 2008, 77.

Bibliography

Hard copy

  • Allen, Tony; Phillips, Charles (2012). Ancient China's myths and beliefs. New York: Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4488-5991-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Brown, Ju; Brown, John (2006). China, Japan, Korea: Culture and customs. North Charleston: BookSurge. ISBN 1-4196-4893-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kiang, Heng Chye (1999). Cities of aristocrats and bureaucrats: The development of medieval Chinese cityscapes. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-223-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lai, Sufen Sophia (1999). "Father in Heaven, Mother in Hell: Gender politics in the creation and transformation of Mulian's mother". Presence and presentation: Women in the Chinese literati tradition. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-21054-X. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Melton, J. Gordon (2010). "The Double Seventh Festival". Religions of the world: A comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Poon, Shuk-wah (2011). Negotiating religion in modern China: State and common people in Guangzhou, 1900–1937. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. ISBN 978-962-996-421-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schomp, Virginia (2009). The ancient Chinese. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. ISBN 0-7614-4216-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Mao, Xian (2013). Cowherd and Weaver and other most popular love legends in China. eBook: Kindle Direct Publishing. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Stepanchuk, Carol; Wong, Charles (1991). Mooncakes and hungry ghosts: Festivals of China. San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals. ISBN 0-8351-2481-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Welch, Patricia Bjaaland (2008). Chinese art: A guide to motifs and visual imagery. North Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3864-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Online

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