Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau
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Diocese of Passau Dioecesis Passaviensis Bistum Passau | |
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![]() St. Stephan's Cathedral, Passau | |
Location | |
Country | Germany |
Ecclesiastical province | Munich and Freising |
Metropolitan | Munich and Freising |
Statistics | |
Area | 5,442 km2 (2,101 sq mi) |
Population - Total - Catholics | (as of 2004) 591,205 515,852 (87.3%) |
Information | |
Denomination | Roman Catholic |
Sui iuris church | Latin Church |
Rite | Roman Rite |
Established | 737 |
Cathedral | St. Stephan's Cathedral |
Patron saint | St. Conrad of Parzham St. Maximilian of Celeia St. Valentine |
Current leadership | |
Pope | Francis |
Bishop | Stefan Oster |
Metropolitan Archbishop | Reinhard Marx |
Bishops emeritus | Wilhelm Schraml |
Map | |
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Website | |
bistum-passau.de |
Prince-Bishopric of Passau Fürstbistum Passau | |||||||||
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999–1805 | |||||||||
Status | State of the Holy Roman Empire | ||||||||
Capital | Passau | ||||||||
Government | Principality | ||||||||
Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||
• Bishopric established | 722 | ||||||||
999 | |||||||||
1299 | |||||||||
1552 | |||||||||
• Secularised to Bavaria | 1805 | ||||||||
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The Diocese of Passau is a Roman Catholic diocese in Germany that is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising. It should not be confused with the Prince-Bishopric of Passau, an ecclesiastical principality that existed for centuries until it was secularized in 1803. The diocese covers an area of 5,442 km².
Pope Benedict XVI was born and baptized on Holy Saturday, 16 April 1927, at Marktl am Inn, which is located within the Diocese of Passau.
History
The Diocese of Passau may be considered the successor of the ancient Diocese of Lorch (Laureacum). At Lorch, a Roman station and an important stronghold at the junction of the Enns River and the Danube, Christianity found a foothold in the third century, during a period of Roman domination, and a Bishop of Lorch certainly existed in the fourth. During the great migrations, Christianity on the Danube was completely rooted out, and the Celtic and Roman population was annihilated or enslaved.
In the region between the Lech River and the Enns, the wandering Bajuvari were converted to Christianity in the seventh century, while the Avari, to the east, remained pagan. The ecclesiastical organization of Bavaria was brought about by St. Boniface, who, with the support of Duke Odilo or at least enacting an earlier design of the duke,[1] erected the four sees of Freising, Ratisbon, Passau, and Salzburg. He confirmed as incumbent of Passau, Bishop Vivilo, or Vivolus, who had been ordained by Pope Gregory III, and who was for a long time the only bishop in Bavaria. Thenceforth, Vivilo resided permanently at Passau, on the site of the old Roman colony of Batavis. Here was a church, the founder of which is not known, dedicated to St. Stephen. To Bishop Vivilo's diocese was annexed the ancient Lorch, which meanwhile had become a small and unimportant place. By the duke's generosity, a cathedral was soon erected near the Church of St. Stephen, and here the bishop lived in common with his clergy.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Territory_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Passau.jpg/220px-Territory_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Passau.jpg)
The boundaries of the diocese extended westwards to the Isar river, and eastwards to the Enns. In ecclesiastical affairs Passau was probably, from the beginning, suffragan to Salzburg. Through the favour of Dukes Odilo and Tassilo, the bishopric received many gifts, and several monasteries arose — e.g. Niederaltaich Abbey, Niedernburg Abbey, Mattsee Abbey, Kremsmünster Abbey — which were richly endowed. Under Bishop Waltreich (774-804), after the conquest of the Avari, who had assisted the rebellious Duke Tassilo, the district between the Enns and the Raab River was added to the diocese, which thus included the whole eastern part (Ostmark) of Southern Bavaria and part of what is now Hungary. The first missionaries to the pagan Hungarians went out from Passau, and in 866 the Church sent missionaries to Bulgaria.
Passau, the outermost eastern bulwark of the Germans, suffered most from the incursions of the Hungarians. At that time many churches and monasteries were destroyed. When, after the victory the Battle of Lech, the Germans pressed forward and regained the old Ostmark, Bishop Adalbert (946-971) hoped to extend his spiritual jurisdiction over Hungary. His successor Piligrim (971-91), who worked successfully for the Christianization of Pannonia, aspired to free Passau from the metropolitan authority of Salzburg, but was completely frustrated in this, as well as in his attempt to assert the metropolitan claims which Passau was supposed to have inherited from Lorch, and to include all Hungary in his diocese. By founding many monasteries in his diocese he prepared the way for the princely power of later bishops. He also built many new churches and restored others from ruins. His successor, Christian (991-1002) received in 999 from Emperor Otto III the market privilege and the rights of coinage, taxation, and higher and lower jurisdiction. Emperor Henry II granted him a large part of the North Forest. Henceforward, indeed, the bishops ruled as princes of the empire, although the title was used for the first time only in a document in 1193. Under Berengar (1013–45) the whole district east of the Viennese forest as far as Letha and March was placed under the jurisdiction of Passau. During his time the cathedral chapter made its appearance, but there is little information concerning its beginning as a distinct corporation with the right of electing a bishop. This right was much hampered by the exercise of imperial influence.
At the beginning of the Investiture Controversy, St. Altmann occupied the see (1065–91) and was one of the few German bishops who adhered to Pope Gregory VII. Ulrich I, Count of Höfft (1092–1121), who was for a time driven from his see by Emperor Henry IV, furthered monastic reforms and the Crusades. Reginmar (1121–38), Reginbert, Count of Hegenau (1136–47) who took part in the crusade of Conrad III, and Conrad of Austria (1149–64), a brother of Bishop Otto of Freising, were all much interested in the foundation of new monasteries and the reform for those already existing. Ulrich, Count of Andechs (1215–21), was formally recognized as a prince of the empire at the Reichstag of Nuremberg in 1217. The reforms which were begun by Gebhard von Plaien (1221–32) and Rüdiger von Rodeck (1233–1250) found a zealous promoter in Otto von Lonsdorf (1254–65), one of the greatest bishops of Passau. He took stringent measures against the relaxed monasteries, introduced the Franciscans and Dominicans into his diocese, promoted the arts and sciences, and collected the old documents which had survived the storms of the preceding period, so that to him we owe almost all our knowledge of the early history of Passau. (See Schmidt, "Otto von Lonsdorf, Bischof zu Passau", Würzburg, 1903.) Bishop Peter, formerly Canon of Breslau, contributed to the House of Habsburg by bestowing episcopal fiefs on the sons of King Rudolph.
Under Bernhard of Brambach (1285–1313) began the struggles of Passau to become a free imperial city. After an uprising in May, 1298, the bishop granted the burghers, in the municipal ordinance of 1299, privileges in conformity with what was called the Bernhardine Charter. The cathedral having been burned down in 1281, he built a new cathedral which lasted until 1662. Albert III von Winkel (1363–80) was particularly active in the struggle with the burghers and in resisting the robber-knights. The Black Death visited the bishopric under Gottfried II von Weitzenbeck (1342–62). George I von Hohenlohe (1388–1421), who, after 1418, was imperial chancellor, energetically opposed the Hussites. During the time of Ulrich III von Nussdorf (1451–79) the diocese suffered its first great curtailment by the formation of the new Diocese of Vienna (1468). This diocese was afterwards further enlarged at the expense of Passau by Pope Sixtus IV. Towards the close of the fifteenth century the conflict between an Austrian candidate for the see and a Bavarian brought about a state of war in the diocese.
The Protestant Reformation was kept out of all the Bavarian part of the diocese, except the Countship of Ortenburg, by the efforts of Ernest of Bavaria who, though never consecrated, ruled the diocese from 1517 to 1541. Lutheranism found many adherents, however, in the Austrian portion. Wolfgang I Count of Salm (1540–55) and Urban von Trennbach (1561–98) led the counter-Reformation. Under Wolfgang the Peace of Passau was concluded, in the summer of 1552. The last Bavarian prince-bishop was Urban, who in his struggles during the Reformation received substantial aid for the Austrian part of the diocese from Albert V, Duke of Bavaria, and, after 1576, from Emperor Rudolf II. All the successors of Urban were Austrians. Bishop Leopold I (1598–1625) (also Bishop of Strasburg after 1607) was one of the first to enter the Catholic League of 1609. In the Thirty Years' War he was loyal to his brother, Emperor Ferdinand II. Leopold II Wilhelm (1625–62), son of Ferdinand II, a pious prince and a great benefactor of the City of Passau, especially after the great conflagration of 1662, finally united five bishoprics.
The Bishop-Prince Wenzelaus von Thun (1664–73) began the new cathedral which was completed thirty years later by his successor Cardinal John Philip von Lamberg. The Cardinal-Prince and his nephew, also Cardinal-Prince Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg, some time later successor to his uncle (1723–62), both became cardinals. They were brother and son to Franz Joseph I, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg, and both front-line diplomats for the Austrian court.
When Vienna was raised to an archdiocese in 1722, he relinquished the parishes beyond the Viennese Forest, hence was exempted from the metropolitan authority of Salzburg, and obtained the pallium for himself and his successors. Leopold Ernst, Count of Firmian (1763–83), created cardinal in 1772, established an institute of theology at Passau and, after the suppression of the Jesuits, founded a lyceum. Under Joseph, Count of Auersperg (1783–95), Emperor Joseph II took away two-thirds of the diocese to form the diocese of Linz and diocese of St. Pölten. The last prince-bishop, Leopold von Thun (1796–1826), saw the secularization of the old bishopric in 1803; the City of Passau and the temporalities on the left bank of the Inn River and the right bank of the Ilz River went to Bavaria, while the territory on the left banks of the Danube and of the Ilz went to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and afterwards to Austria. On 22 February 1803, when the Bavarians marched into Passau, the prince-bishop withdrew to his estates in Bohemia, and never revisited his former residence.
By the Concordat of 1818, the diocese was given new boundaries. After the death of the last prince-bishop, Passau's exemption from metropolitan power ceased, and the diocese became suffragan of Munich-Freising.[2]
Ordinaries
№ | Name | from | to | Comments |
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Valentin of Raetia | ? | 475 | ||
Vivilo | 739 | ? | ||
Beatus | ? | 753/754 | ||
1 | Sidonius | 753 | 756 | |
Anthelm | ? | ? | ||
2 | Wisurich | 770 | 777 | |
3 | Waldrich | 777 | 804/805 | |
4 | Urolf | 804/805 | 806 | |
5 | Hatto | 806 | 817 | |
6 | Reginhar | 818 | 838 | |
Vacancy | 838 | 840 | ||
7 | Hartwig | 840 | 866 | |
8 | Ermanrich | 866 | 874 | |
9 | Engelmar | 875 | 897 | |
10 | Wiching | 898 | 899 | |
11 | Richard | 899 | 902 | |
12 | Burkhard | 903 | 915 | |
13 | Gumpold | 915 | 932 | |
14 | Gerhard | 932 | 946 | |
15 | Adalbert | 946 | 970/971 | |
16 | Piligrim | 971 | 991 | Sieghardinger |
17 | Christian | 991 | 1013 | First bishop with secular authority |
18 | Berengar | 1013 | 1045 | |
19 | Egilbert | 1045 | 1065 | Engelbert |
20 | Altmann | 1065 | 1091 | |
20a | Hermann of Eppenstein | 1085 | 1087 | counter-bishop of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor |
21 | Ulrich | 1092 | 1121 | Ulrich I. |
22 | Reginmar | 1121 | 1138 | |
23 | Reginbert of Hagenau | 1138 | 1147/1148 | |
24 | Conrad I of Babenberg | 1148/1149 | 1164 | Son of Leopold III, Margrave of Austria and Agnes von Waiblingen; also Archbishop of Salzburg (as Conrad II) |
25 | Rupert I | 1164 | 1165 | |
Albo | 1165 | 1169 | vertrieben | |
Henry I of Berg | 1169 | 1172 | resigned, later Bishop of Würzburg from 1191 until his death in 1197 | |
26 | Diepold of Berg | 1172 | 1190 | Theobald |
27 | Wolfger of Erla | 1191 | 1204 | |
28 | Poppo | 1204 | 1206 | Cathedral provost of Aquileia |
29 | Manegold of Berg | 1206 | 1215 | |
30 | Ulrich II | 1215 | 1221 | |
31 | Gebhard I of Plain | 1222 | 1232 | |
32 | Rüdiger of Bergheim | 1233 | 1249 | Bishop of Chiemsee 1216–1233; excommunicated and deposed by Pope Innocent IV |
33 | Konrad I, Duke of Silesia-Glogau | 1249 | 1249 | From 1248 to 1251 was, with his older brother Bolesław II the Bald, Piast duke of the Silesian duchies of Legnica and Jawor). Also duke of Głogów, again with his brother until his brother's death, and continued to rule there until his own in 1274. |
34 | Berthold of Pietengau | 1250 | 1254 | |
35 | Otto of Lonsdorf | 1254 | 1265 | |
36 | Wladislaw of Silesia | 1265 | 1265 | |
37 | Petrus, Bishop of Passau | 1265 | 1280 | Canon of Breslau |
38 | Wichard of Pohlheim | 1280 | 1282 | |
39 | Gottfried | 1282 | 1285 | Protonotary of Rudolf of Habsburg, German king |
40 | Bernhard of Prambach | 1285 | 1313 | |
Vacancy due to disputed election | 1313 | 1317 | ||
Albert II, Duke of Austria | 1313 | 1313 | ||
Gebhard II | 1313 | 1315 | ||
41 | Henri de la Tour-du-Pin | 1317 | 1319 | |
42 | Albert II of Saxe-Wittenberg | 1320 | 1342 | |
43 | Gottfried of Weißeneck | 1342 | 1362 | |
44 | Albert III of Winkel | 1363 | 1380 | |
45 | Johann of Scharffenberg | 1381 | 1387 | |
46 | Hermann Digni | 1387 | 1388 | |
47 | Rupert of Berg | 1388 | 1390 | |
48 | George of Hohenlohe | 1390 | 1423 | |
49 | Leonhard of Laiming | 1423/1424 | 1451 | |
50 | Ulrich of Nußdorf | 1451 | 1479 | |
51 | George Hessler | 1480 | 1482 | from 1477 Cardinal |
52 | Friedrich Mauerkircher | 1482 | 1485 | |
53 | Frederick of Öttingen | 1485 | 1490 | |
54 | Christopher of Schachner | 1490 | 1500 | |
56 | Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll | 1500 | 1517 | |
57 | Ernest of Bavaria | 1517 | 1541 | Administrator |
57 | Wolfgang of Salm | 1541 | 1555 | |
58 | Wolfgang of Closen | 1555 | 1561 | |
59 | Urban of Trennbach | 1561 | 1598 | |
60 | Leopold V, Archduke of Austria | 1598 | 1625 | |
61 | Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria | 1625 | 1662 | |
62 | Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria | 1662 | 1664 | |
63 | Wenzeslaus of Thun | 1664 | 1673 | |
64 | Sebastian of Pötting | 1673 | 1689 | |
65 | John Philip of Lamberg | 1689 | 1712 | Cardinal from 1700 |
67 | Raymund Ferdinand, Count of Rabatta | 1713 | 1722 | |
68 | Joseph Dominic of Lamberg | 1723 | 1761 | Cardinal from 1737 |
69 | Joseph Maria, Count of Thun | 1761 | 1763 | |
70 | Leopold Ernst von Firmian | 1763 | 1783 | Cardinal from 1772 |
71 | Joseph Francis Anton of Auersperg | 1783 | 1795 | Cardinal from 1789 |
72 | Thomas John Caspar, Count of Thun-Hohenstein | 1795 | 1796 | |
73 | Leopold Leonard, Imperial Count of Thun | 13 December 1796 | 22 October 1826 | Last Prince-Bishop |
74 | Karl Joseph, Baron of Riccabona | 25 December 1826 | 25 May 1839 | |
75 | Heinrich of Hofstätter | 6 July 1839 | 12 May 1875 | |
76 | Joseph Francis of Weckert | 4 October 1875 | 13 March 1889 | |
77 | Antonius von Thoma | 24 March 1889 | 23 October 1889 | |
78 | Michael of Rampf | 8 December 1889 | 29 March 1901 | |
79 | Anton of Henle | 3 April 1901 | 18 October 1906 | |
80 | Sigismund Felix, Baron of Ow-Felldorf | 18 October 1906 | 11 May 1936 | |
81 | Simon Konrad Landersdorfer, OSB | 11 September 1936 | 27 October 1968 | |
82 | Antonius Hofmann | 27 October 1968 | 15 October 1984 | |
83 | Franz Xaver Eder | 15 October 1984 | 8 January 2001 | |
84 | Wilhelm Schraml | 13 December 2001 | 1 October 2012 | |
85 | Stefan Oster | 24 May 2014 | Incumbent |
Notes
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Diocese of Passau". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Maß, Josef (2005). "Der hl. Bonifatius und das Bistum Freising". Beiträge zur altbayerischen Kirchengeschichte (in German). 48: 9–27.
- ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11519a.htm