Enchylaena tomentosa
| Enchylaena tomentosa | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Genus: | Enchylaena |
| Species: | E. tomentosa
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| Binomial name | |
| Enchylaena tomentosa | |
| Varieties | |
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| Distribution of ruby saltbush | |
Enchylaena tomentosa, commonly known as barrier saltbush or ruby saltbush, is a small native shrub of Australia.
Description
[edit]Enchylaena tomentosa grows as a small perennial shrub, up to a meter in diameter. Leaves are slender and cylindrical growing to 6-15mm long, both leaves and stems are densely covered in woolly hairs. Fruits form as fleshy berries changing from bright green/yellow to bright red/orange.[1][2][3]
The derivation of the name helps describe and classify its features with Enchylaena coming from the Greek egchlos meaning fleshy or succulent and chlaen a cloak referring to the ripe fruiting perianth, tomentosa botanical Latin outlining that the plant is covered with dense short or curled hairs soft hair.[4]
Highly drought tolerant E. tomentosa has historically been sought after by Indigenous Australians, early settlers and livestock.[5] Nutritional analyze gives the plant a 65% digestibility rating providing grazing species with 14% digestible protein and 6% digestible salt.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]It was first published by Robert Brown in 1810, as the only species of Enchylaena. Since that time a number of putative new species have been published based on specimens that are now referred to this species; hence it has a number of taxonomic synonyms. Two varieties are recognised: the autonym E. tomentosa var. tomentosa, and a less woolly variety, E. tomentosa var. glabra, which was published by George Bentham in 1870.[6] Its previous family name Chenopodiaceae is now included in Amaranthaceae.[7]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]It occurs throughout Australia, and has also naturalised in New Caledonia. It tolerates a range of soils, but prefers soils that are slightly saline.[2][3] Occurring through most of semi-arid Australia, on a variety of land and soil types such as sand plains, hill slopes, creek lines, sand dunes and salt lake shores.[1] Preferring slightly shaded soil areas under trees such as Alectryon oleifolius and Acacia papyrocarpa.[8]
As the distribution map shows E. tomentosa is highly widespread throughout the continent, this is potentially due to a range of factors such as the plants drought resilience, ability to live in a wide range of soil/climate zones and also its seed dispersal method[9] E. tomentosa seed is dispersed through endozoochory (seed that is dispersed through ingestion via another animal).[4][9] This may potentially aid in germination of seeds, as digestion can result in the removal of fleshy pulp and the woody endocarp (scarification), these parts of the plants may act as inhibitors to germination as they can prevent germination occurring in unsuitable seasons and conditions.[10]
A study of emu scat and its seed composition found that E. tomentosa made up 8.5% of the near 20,000 seeds identified, second highest only to nitre bush (Nitraria billardierei) which made up 80% of identified seed.[9] This is significant as emus are known to travel over 600 km in search of more food and water, acting as a potential vector for long-distance seed dispersal and germination.[11] Long-distance speed dispersal can improve a species genetic variation, dispersal range, increase diversity and complexity in meta-population structure.[9] These factors can increase a species resilience to future risk of changing climate conditions and potential habitat loss[11]
Human uses
[edit]The ripened fruit of E. tomentosa can be picked and eaten raw and is described as being salty-sweet in flavor, being picked by desert Indigenous Australians as a snack food and is still frequently collected today. Indigenous groups of the Macdonell Ranges (central Australia) have been recorded to soak the fruits in water to make a sweetened tea. Charles Sturt on his explorations into the semi-arid interior also recorded harvesting the leaves, which could be eaten as a vegetable after being boiled.[5] Major Thomas Mitchell noted on his explorations through the lower Murray that children would also harvest the fruit to make pink facial decorations.[12]
In terms of grazing value "E. tomentosa" is listed as a maintenance feed; as the plant does not provide enough grazing volume to act as a sole foraging source, its drought hardiness allows it to be available in dryer times of the year such as late summer when other palatable and nutritious forage sources are absent.[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Kutsche, Frank; Lay, Brendon (2003). Field Guide to outback plants of South Australia. Adealiade,SA: Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation. p. 71. ISBN 978-0759010529.
- ^ a b Wilson, Paul G. "Chenopodiaceae". Flora of Australia. Vol. IV. pp. 213–215.
- ^ a b "Enchylaena tomentosa R.Br". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ a b Hadlow, Barrie. "Enchylaena tomentosa". Information about Australia's flora: Growing Native Plants. Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ a b Low, Tim (1991). Australian Nature Field Guide: Wild Food Plants of Australia (2nd ed.). Sydney,NSW: Angus&Robertson. p. 167. ISBN 978-0207169304.
- ^ "Enchylaena tomentosa R.Br". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ Struwe, Lena. "Field identification of the 50 most common plant families in temperate regions (including agricultural, horticultural, and wild" (PDF). Field identification of the 50 most common plant families in temperate regions (including agricultural, horticultural, and wild species). Rutgers University. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ Hastwell, Graeme T.; Facelli, Jose M. (2003). "Differing Effects of Shade-Induced Facilitation on Growth and Survival during the Establishment of a Chenopod Shrub". Journal of Ecology. 91 (6): 941–950. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00832.x. JSTOR 3599680.
- ^ a b c d Dunstan, Heath; Florentine, Singarayer K.; Calviño-Cancela, Maria; Westbrooke, Martin E.; Palmer, Grant C. (2013). "Dietary characteristics of Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in semi-arid New South Wales, Australia, and dispersal and germination of ingested seeds". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 113 (2): 168–176. doi:10.1071/MU12061. S2CID 83483960.
- ^ Richmond, G.S.; Chinnock, R.J. (1994). "Seed dormancy and germination mechanisms in "Eremophila" (Myoporaceae)". Botanical Review. 60 (4): 483–503. doi:10.1007/BF02857928. S2CID 19830873.
- ^ a b Calvino-Cancela, Maria; Dunn, Robert; Van Etten, Eddie J.; Lamont, Byron B. (Aug 2006). "Emus as Non-standard Seed Disperses and their potential for Long-Distance Dispersal". Ecography. 29 (4): 632–640. doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04677.x.
- ^ Clarke, Philip A. (2011). Aboriginal People and Their Lands (2nd ed.). Dural, NSW: Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-921719-05-9.
- ^ Emma, Jason. "Ruby Saltbush". Pastures Australia: A collaboration between AWI, GRDC, MLA, RIRDC and Dairy Australia. Pastures Australia: A collaboration between AWI, GRDC, MLA, RIRDC and Dairy Australia. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
External links
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