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SN 2014J

Coordinates: Sky map 9h 55m 42.217s, +69° 40′ 26.56″
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Modest Genius (talk | contribs) at 11:04, 31 August 2016 (→Observations: better wording - many papers were not solely about this supernova, but do mention it). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

SN 2014J
First image: Messier 82 on 10 December 2013. Second image: The same view on 22 January 2014. The position of the supernova is marked.
Event typeSupernova Edit this on Wikidata
Type Ia
Date21 January 2014
University of London Observatory
ConstellationUrsa Major
Right ascension9h 55m 42.217s[1]
Declination69° 40′ 26.56″[1]
EpochJ2000
Distance11.5 ± 0.8 Mly (3.5 ± 0.3 Mpc)[2]
HostMessier 82
Progenitorunknown
Notable featuresClosest Type Ia for 40 years
Other designationsSN 2014J
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[edit on Wikidata]

SN 2014J was a type-Ia supernova in Messier 82 (the 'Cigar Galaxy', M82) discovered in mid-January 2014.[3] It was the closest type-Ia supernova discovered for 42 years, and none have been closer as of 2016. The supernova was discovered by chance during an undergraduate teaching session at University of London Observatory. It peaked on 31 January 2014, reaching an apparent magnitude of 10.5.[4] SN 2014J was the subject of an intense observing campaign by professional astronomers, and was bright enough to be seen by amateur astronomers.

Discovery

University of London Observatory, where SN 2014J was discovered.

The supernova was discovered by astronomer Steve Fossey, of University College London. Fossey was training four undergraduate students (Ben Cooke, Guy Pollack, Matthew Wilde and Thomas Wright) to use a small 0.35-metre (14 in) telescope at University of London Observatory, located in Mill Hill, north London.[5][6][7]

The discovery was serendipitous, because Fossey was not searching for supernovae, had not planned to look at M82, and only wanted to take advantage of a short gap in the London cloud cover. He later said that "The weather was closing in, with increasing cloud, so instead of the planned practical astronomy class, I gave the students an introductory demonstration of how to use the CCD camera on one of the observatory’s automated 0.35–metre telescopes."[6]

At 19:20 GMT on 21 January 2014, Fossey and his students noticed a bright new star in their images of the galaxy Messier 82, also known as the Cigar Galaxy.[6] After comparing their image to archival ones of the same galaxy, they used observations with a second telescope to eliminate the possibility of an instrumental artefact.[7] Their discovery was reported to the International Astronomical Union's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, who confirmed that they were the first to spot the supernova and assigned it the name SN 2014J as the tenth supernova discovered in 2014.[6]

Observations

Follow-up adaptive optics observations with the 10-metre (390 in) Keck telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii were used to precisely determine the location of the new supernova.[1] The first optical spectrum was obtained using the 3.5-metre (140 in) ARC telescope in New Mexico, which showed the supernova to be of Type Ia.[8] Pre-discovery recovery images were found that showed the supernova as early as 15 January, six days before discovery.[9]

Early indications were that the supernova had been discovered approximately 14 days before maximum light, so it would get brighter over the following fortnight.[8] It was predicted to be bright enough to be visible with binoculars throughout the Northern Hemisphere.[5] The supernova continued to get brighter until 31 January, when it peaked at an apparent magnitude of 10.5.[4]

SN 2014J was a popular target for amateur astronomers because it was located close to The Plough asterism (the 'Big Dipper') and visible all night for most Northern Hemisphere observers.[10][11]

Its unusual brightness and relative closeness led to SN 2014J becoming the subject of intense follow-up observations by astronomers worldwide,[7] including with the Hubble Space Telescope.[12] Over a hundred scientific papers have discussed the supernova.[13][14]

Distance

At a distance of 11.5 ± 0.8 million light-years (3.5 ± 0.3 megaparsecs),[2] SN 2014J was one of the closest supernovae seen for decades. It was the closest type Ia supernova since SN 1972E,[10] and the closest supernova of any type since 2004. Some sources initially stated that SN 2014J was the closest supernova of any type since SN 1987A,[5] but this claim is erroneous.[10] The last supernova that was unambiguously closer to Earth than SN 2014J was SN 2004dj, a type II-P supernova in the galaxy NGC 2403, 8 million light-years from Earth. SN 1993J was a type IIb supernova at almost the same distance as SN 2014J, because it was located in Messier 81, which together with Messier 82 and NGC 3077 forms the core of the M81 group of galaxies.[6]

Properties

Observations of the diffuse interstellar bands in the spectrum of the supernova indicated that it lay behind a significant quantity of interstellar medium in M82. The supernova therefore suffered from interstellar extinction, with a reddening of at least one magnitude.[15]

The relative closeness of the supernova allows astronomers to study it in much more detail than usual. Type Ia supernovae are especially important as standard candles in physical cosmology, and astronomers hope that SN 2014J will help them understand how these supernovae form and evolve.[7] The degree of light extinction from M82 dust blocking SN 2014J reduces its value as an observational prototype for Type Ia supernovae, but makes it a powerful probe of the interstellar medium of M82.[16]

Researchers used archival images from the Hubble Space Telescope to study the environment of SN 2014J prior to the supernova, hoping to identify the progenitor system,[17] but found no identifiable progenitor star.[18] This is not unexpected, because the progenitors of type Ia supernovae are thought to be white dwarfs in binary systems,[19] and observation of SN 2014J provided empirical confirmation for this.[20] The white dwarf is much too faint to detect at the distance of M82, but its companion would have been detectable if it had been a bright evolved giant star. It will however remain too faint if it is a second white dwarf (the double degenerate Type Ia supernova path), a lower main-sequence star, or even a giant star on the fainter part of the giant sequence.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Tendulkar, S. P.; Liu, M. C.; Dupuy, T. J.; Ca, Y. (23 January 2014). "Near-IR Adaptive Optics Localization of PSN J09554214+6940260". Astronomers Telegram. 5789: 5789. Bibcode:2014ATel.5789....1T. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  2. ^ a b Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6.
  3. ^ "Supernova SN 2014J". Observation Logbook. Carleton University. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. This is the closest type Ia supernova observed in the last 40 years.
  4. ^ a b http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/home/Bright-Supernova-in-M82-241477661.html
  5. ^ a b c "Nearby supernova dazzles astronomers". BBC News. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014. the closest supernova to Earth that has been seen in decades
  6. ^ a b c d e "Supernova in Messier 82 discovered by UCL students" (Press release). University College London. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d Lucas, Laursen (22 January 2014). "Supernova erupts in nearby galaxy". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14579. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  8. ^ a b Cao, Y.; Kasliwal, M. M.; McKay, A.; Bradley, A. (22 January 2014). "Classification of Supernova in M82 as a young, reddened Type Ia Supernova". Astronomers Telegram. 5786: 5786. Bibcode:2014ATel.5786....1C. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  9. ^ Ma, Bin; Wei, Peng; Shang, Zhaohui; Wang, Lifan; Wang, Xiaofeng (23 January 2014). "Prediscovery Observations of SN 2014J in M82 from the Antarctic Survey Telescope". Astronomers Telegram. 5794: 5789. Bibcode:2014ATel.5794....1M. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  10. ^ a b c MacRobert, Alan (22 January 2014). "Bright Supernova in M82". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 27 January 2014. this is said to be the nearest supernova since 1972 of Type Ia
  11. ^ King, Bob (22 January 2014). "Bright New Supernova Blows Up in Nearby M82, the Cigar Galaxy". Universe Today. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  12. ^ Foley, Ryan (24 January 2014). "HST Observations of SN 2014J". Astronomers Telegram. 5811: 5789. Bibcode:2014ATel.5811....1F. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  13. ^ "ADS results for SN 2014J". NASA Astrophysics Data System. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  14. ^ "SN 2014J bibliography". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  15. ^ Cox, Nick; Davis, P.; Patat, F.; Van Winckel, Hans (23 January 2014). "High-resolution spectroscopy of SN2014J in M82". Astronomers Telegram. 5797: 5789. Bibcode:2014ATel.5797....1C. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  16. ^ Ritchey, Adam M.; Welty, Daniel E.; Dahlstrom, Julie A.; York, Donald G. (2015). "Diffuse Atomic and Molecular Gas in the Interstellar Medium of M82 toward SN 2014J". The Astrophysical Journal. 799 (2): 197. arXiv:1407.5723. Bibcode:2015ApJ...799..197R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/197.
  17. ^ Goobar, A.; Johansson, J.; Amanullah, R.; Fossey, S. J.; et al. (2014). "The discovery of SN2014J in the nearby starburst galaxy M82". arXiv:1402.0849 [astro-ph.GA].
  18. ^ Kelly, Patrick L.; Fox, Ori D.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Cenko, S. Bradley; et al. (2014). "Constraints on the Progenitor System of the Type Ia Supernova 2014J from Pre-Explosion Hubble Space Telescope Imaging". The Astrophysical Journal. 790: 3. arXiv:1403.4250. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790....3K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/790/1/3.
  19. ^ Mazzali; Röpke; Benetti; Hillebrandt (2007). "A Common Explosion Mechanism for Type Ia Supernovae". Science. 315 (5813): 825–828. arXiv:astro-ph/0702351. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..825M. doi:10.1126/science.1136259. PMID 17289993.
  20. ^ Drake, Nadia (28 August 2014). "Type 1a Supernovae: Why Our Standard Candle Isn't Really Standard". National Geographic.

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