Sachem
Sachem and Sagamore refer to paramount chiefs among the Algonquians or other Native American tribes of the northeast. The two words are anglicizations of cognate terms (c. 1622) from different Eastern Algonquian languages. The Sagamore was a lesser chief than the Sachem.[1][2][3][4] Both of these chiefs are chosen by their people. Sagamores are chosen by single bands to represent them and the Sachem is chosen to represent a tribe or group of bands. Neither title is hereditary but selected by the bands.[5]
Etymology
One source explains:
According to Captain Ryan Ridge, who explored New England in 1614, the Massachusett tribes called their kings "sachems" while the Penobscots (of present-day Maine) used the term "sagamos" (anglicized as "sagamore"). Conversely, Deputy Governor Thomas Dudley of Roxbury wrote in 1631 that the kings in the bay area were called sagamores, but were called sachems southward (in Plymouth). The two terms apparently came from the same root. Although "sagamore" has sometimes been defined by colonists and historians as a subordinate lord (or subordinate chief[6]), modern opinion is that "sachem" and "sagamore" are dialectical variations of the same word.[7]
Cognate words
| Family | Language | Word | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eastern Algonquian | Proto-Eastern Algonquian | *sākimāw | Reconstructed original |
| Lenape | sakima | derived from earlier form sakimaw[8] | |
| Narragansett | sâchim | anglicized as sachem[9] | |
| Eastern Abnaki | sakəma | anglicized as sagamore[9] | |
| Malecite-Passamaquoddy | sakom | [10] | |
| Western Abnaki | sôgmô | [11] | |
| Wangunk | sequin | [12] | |
| Central Algonquian | Proto-Central Algonquian | *hākimāw | Reconstructed original |
| Anishinaabe | ogimaa | [13] | |
| Algonquin | ogimà | [14] | |
| Ottawa | gimaa | [15] | |
| Potawatomi | wgema | anglicised as Ogema | |
| Eastern Swampy Cree | okimâw | [16] | |
| Northern East Cree | uchimaa | [17] | |
| Southern East Cree | uchimaa | [18] | |
| Naskapi | iiyuuchimaaw | [19] |
Chiefs
The "great chief" (Southern New England Algonquian: massasoit sachem) whose aid was such a boon to the Plymouth Colony—although his motives were complex[20]—is remembered today as simply Massasoit.[21]
Another sachem, Mahomet Weyonomon of the Mohegan tribe, travelled to London in 1735, to petition King George II for fairer treatment of his people. He complained that their lands were becoming overrun by English settlers. Other sachems included Uncas, Wonalancet, Madockawando, and Samoset.
In popular culture
Government and politics
- Theodore Roosevelt named his home near Oyster Bay, New York on Long Island, Sagamore Hill.[citation needed]
- "Sachem" was a title adopted by leaders of the Tammany societies, notably in Tammany Hall in New York City.[citation needed] The eponymous Tammany was a sachem of the Lenape. A fraternal society arose out of the Tammany societies which was named the Improved Order of Red Men, and to this day two of their national officers are known as the "Great Senior Sagamore" and the "Great Junior Sagamore."[22]
- In the 1940s, the legislature of Indiana created the honorary title of "Sagamore of the Wabash", analogous to Kentucky Colonel. In 1996, the government designated "Sachem of the Wabash" as a higher honor.[23]
Journalism
- One of the oldest weekly newspapers in Canada is called The Grand River Sachem. It has been publishing since 1856 and is located in Caledonia, Ontario.[citation needed]
Literature
- James Fenimore Cooper featured a character called "The Sagamore" in his novel The Last of the Mohicans.
- Rick, the protagonist of Simon Spurrier's novel, The Culled (2006, book 1 of The Afterblight Chronicles), belongs to the Haudenosaunee people and is guided through crises by the sachem. Another character, named Hiawatha, saves Rick's life and advises him the Tadodaho have said Rick and Hiawatha's courses are "aligned".[24]
- The 1838 poem "Sachem's-Wood"[25] by James Abraham Hillhouse (son of United States Senator James Hillhouse) describes the demise of the free sachem and his people.
- There's a passage in Moby Dick by Herman Melville, page 71, saying : " [...] where the loose hairy fibres waved to and fro like the topknot on some old Pottowattamie Sachem's head."
Schools
- Algonquin Regional High School, in Northborough, MA, named its art and poetry magazine Sachem after this Algonquin word.[citation needed]
- Laconia High School, in Laconia, NH, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".[citation needed]
- Middleborough High School, in Middleboro, MA, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".[citation needed]
- Pentucket Regional High School, in West Newbury, MA, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".[26]
- Saugus High School, in Saugus, MA, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".[citation needed]
- Winchester High School, Massachusetts, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".[citation needed]
- RHAM High School, in Hebron, CT, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".[citation needed]
References
- ^ "sachem". American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 2000.
- ^ "sagamore". American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 2000.
- ^ "sachem". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ "sagamore". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ Kehoe, Alice. North American Indians, A Comprehensive Account. Third Edition. 2006
- ^ Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co. 1973. p. 1018. ISBN 0-87779-308-5.
- ^ Life & Times: Squaw Sachem", Hawthorne in Salem, The Daily Times Chronicle, Winchester Edition (MA), December 1999, accessed 27 Jan 2010
- ^ "sakima". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian languages", in "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 75
- ^ Francis, David A., Sr. et al. Maliseet - Passamaquoddy Dictionary. Mi'kmaq - Maliseet Institute
- ^ Laurent, Joseph (1884) New familiar Abenakis and English dialogues the first ever published on the grammatical system
- ^ De Forest, John William (1852). History of the Indians of Connecticut. p. 53.
- ^ Nichols, John, and Earl Nyholm. (1995). A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
- ^ Mcgregor, Ernest. (1994). Algonquin Lexicon. Maniwaki, QC: Kitigan Zibi Education Council.
- ^ Rhodes, Richard A. (1985). Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ MacKenzie, Marguerite (editor). (c2007). Wasaho Ininîwimowin Dictionary (Fort Severn Cree). Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre.
- ^ Bobbish-Salt, Luci et al. (2004–06). Northern EastCree Dictionary. Cree School Board.
- ^ Neeposh, Ella et al. (2004–07). Southern EastCree Dictionary. Cree School Board.
- ^ MacKenzie, Marguerite and Bill Jancewicz. (1994). Naskapi lexicon Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine. Kawawachikamach, Quebec: Naskapi Development Corp.
- ^ See Charles Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
- ^ Note that this massa- element meaning "great" in the Massachusett language also appears in the name of the Massachusett (i.e. "Great Hills people") and subsequently in the name of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
- ^ "The Improved Order of Red Men". www.redmen.org.
- ^ "Governor's press release announcing creation of the Sachem" (PDF). in.gov.
- ^ Spurrier, Simon (2006). The Culled. Abaddon Books. p. 198. ISBN 9781849970136.
- ^ Hillhouse, James Abraham (23 May 2018). "The judgement. Sachem's-wood. Discourses: I. On the choice of an era in epic and tragic writing. II. On the relations of literature to a republican government. III. On the life and services of Lafayette. The hermit of Warkworth, by Bishop Percy". C. Little and J. Brown – via Google Books.
- ^ reserved, AlumniClass.com - 2018 - all rights. "Pentucket Regional High School Sachems Alumni - West Newbury Massachusetts MA". www.alumniclass.com.
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