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Sanskrit studies

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A poem of the ancient Indian poet Vallana (between 900 and 1100 CE) on the side wall of the building at the Haagweg 14 in Leiden, Netherlands.

Sanskrit has been studied by Western scholars since the late 18th century. In the 19th century, Sanskrit studies played a crucial role in the development of the field of comparative linguistics of the Indo-European languages. During the British Raj (1857–1947), Western scholars edited many Sanskrit texts which had survived in manuscript form. The study of Sanskrit grammar and philology remains important both in the field of Indology and of Indo-European studies.

History

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The study of Sanskrit in the Western world began in the 17th century.[1] Some of Bhartṛhari's poems were translated into Portuguese in 1651.[1] In 1779 a legal code known as vivādārṇavasetu was translated by Nathaniel Brassey Halhed from a Persian translation, and published as A Code of Gentoo Laws. In 1785 Charles Wilkins published an English translation of the Bhagavad Gita, which was the first time a Sanskrit book had been translated directly into a European language.[2]

In 1786 Sir William Jones, who had founded The Asiatic Society[3] two years earlier, delivered the third annual discourse;[4] in his often-cited "philologer" passage, he noted similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek and Latin—an event which is often cited as the beginning of comparative linguistics, Indo-European studies, and Sanskrit philology.[5]

The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists; there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family.

This common source of the Indo-European languages eventually came to be known as Proto-Indo-European, following the work of Franz Bopp and others.

In 1789 Jones published a translation of Kālidāsa's The Recognition of Sakuntala. The translation captured the admiration of many, notably Goethe, who expressed his admiration for the Sanskrit play Shakuntala:[6][7]

Wouldst thou the young year's blossoms and the fruits of its decline
And all by which the soul is charmed, enraptured, feasted, fed,
Wouldst thou the earth and heaven itself in one sole name combine?
I name thee, O Sakuntala! and all at once is said.

Goethe went on to borrow a device from the play for his Faust, Part One.[8]

In the introduction to The World as Will and Representation, written in 1818, Arthur Schopenhauer stated that "the access to [the Vedas], opened to us through the Upanishads, is in my eyes the greatest advantage which this still young century enjoys over previous ones, because I believe that the influence of the Sanscrit literature will penetrate not less deeply than did the revival of Greek literature in the fifteenth century".[9]

The Irish poet William Butler Yeats was also inspired by Sanskrit literature.[10] However, the discovery of the world of Sanskrit literature moved beyond German and British scholars and intellectuals — Henry David Thoreau was a sympathetic reader of the Bhagavad Gita[11] — and even beyond the humanities. Ralph Waldo Emerson was also influenced by Sanskrit literature. In the early days of the Periodic Table, scientists referred to as yet undiscovered elements with the use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes (see Mendeleev's predicted elements). J. Robert Oppenheimer in 1933 met the Indologist Arthur W. Ryder at Berkeley and learned Sanskrit. He read the Bhagavad Gita in the original language.[12] Later he cited it as one of the most influential books to shape his philosophy of life,[13] and his quotation from the Bhagavad Gita "Now, I become Death, the destroyer of worlds." in reference to the Trinity test is well known.[14]

The nineteenth century was a golden age of Western Sanskrit scholarship, and many of the giants of the field (Whitney, Macdonnell, Monier-Williams, Grassmann) knew each other personally. Perhaps the most commonly known example of Sanskrit in the West was also the last gasp of its vogue. T. S. Eliot, a student of Indian Philosophy and of Sanskrit under Lanman, ended The Waste Land with Sanskrit: "Shantih Shantih Shantih".

Current usage and study

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Sanskrit is taught in many South Asia Studies and/or Linguistics departments in Western universities. In addition to this, it is also used during worship in Hindu temples in the West, being the Hindu liturgical language, and Sanskrit revival attempts are underway amongst expatriate Hindu populations. Similarly, Sanskrit study is also popular amongst the many Western practitioners of Yoga, who find the language useful in understanding the Yoga Sutra.

An Islamic institute's unique inclusion of Sanskrit in its syllabus has recently caught the attention of major national news and media outlets. The institute's innovative approach has received widespread coverage in the press. [15] The Institute is located in Thrissur, Kerala, South India. [16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Gaurinath Sastri (1987), "History of the study of Sanskrit in the West", A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., p. 1, ISBN 978-81-208-0027-4
  2. ^ Winternitz, Maurice (1972), History of Indian Literature, vol. 1, New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, p. 11 Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
  3. ^ T. K. John, "Research and Studies by Western Missionaries and Scholars in Sanskrit Language and Literature," in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol. III, Ollur[Trichur] 2010 Ed. George Menachery, pp.79 - 83
  4. ^ A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics: The Third Anniversary Discourse, On the Hindus Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today
  5. ^ Friedrich Max Müller (1859), A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, Williams and Norgate, p. 1
  6. ^ Monier Monier-Williams (1876), Śakuntalā, Clarendon Press, p. 10
  7. ^ Telford, John; Barber, Benjamin Aquila (April 1876), "Classical Sanscrit", The London Quarterly Review, vol. XLVI, pp. 309–335
  8. ^ Kālidāsa; W. J. Johnson (transl.) (2001), The Recognition of Śakuntala, Oxford University Press, p. 138, ISBN 978-0-19-283911-4
  9. ^ Arthur Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Representation (Preface to the First Edition). Translated by R.B. Haldane and J. Kemp.
  10. ^ "The Collected Works of W.B. Yeats Vol. V: Later Essays" by William Butler Yeats, p. 390-391
  11. ^ "The Sanskrit Epics" By J. L. Brockington
  12. ^ "Einstein and Oppenheimer: The Meaning of Genius", by Silvan S. Schweber, Page 189
  13. ^ Hijiya, James A. (June 2000), "The Gita of Robert Oppenheimer" (PDF), Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 144 (2)
  14. ^ Original quote "kālo'smi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ", appeared in various forms in English; see J. Robert Oppenheimer for discussion of this quote.
  15. ^ "Academy of Sharia and Advanced Studies", Wikipedia, 2023-02-26, retrieved 2023-03-09
  16. ^ "Bhagavad Gita Part Of Sanskrit Syllabus Of Islamic Institute In Kerala". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2023-03-09.

Further reading

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