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Shalom

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For the greeting, see shalom aleichem. For other uses, see Shalom (disambiguation).
Shalom in Hebrew
Rainbow flag with Shalom and Salaam meaning peace in Hebrew and Arabic respectively

Shalom (Template:Lang-he-n shalom; also spelled as sholom, sholem, sholoim, shulem) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, harmony, wholeness, completeness, prosperity, welfare and tranquility and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.[1][2][3]

As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between man and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. Stendebach and Ringgren writes that a more thorough etymological analysis of Hebrew roots reveal that 'Lom was the basic root word for Shalom.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The word shalom is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlama in Syriac-Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root Š-L-M.

Etymology

In Hebrew, the root of the word (usually in a three or occasionally four letter format), and depending on the vowels that are used, has several meanings (that are relevant to the general meaning of the word Shalom); as for example: One meaning is "Whole", another could be the actual verb "Pay" usually in command form. The conjugated verb has other spins that are worth noting, such as: "Hishtalem" meaning "it was worth it" or "Shulam" as "it was paid for" or "Meshulam" as in "paid in advance."[citation needed] Hence one can jokingly say that, "when it's paid-for then there is peace."

The Hebrew term shalom is roughly translated to other languages as peace [En.] (i.e. paz [Sp. and Pr.], paix [Fr.], pace [It.]), from the Latin pax. Pax, in Latin, means peace, but it was also used to mean truce or treaty. So, deriving from the definition and use in Latin, most Romance terms simply use the word peace to mean such, and also provides a relational application (be it personal, social or political) – a state of mind and affairs. Peace is an important word in the Christian sacred scriptures and liturgy. Eirene, the Greek term translated to peace, also means quietness and rest.

Shalom, in the liturgy and in the transcendent message of the Christian scriptures, means more than a state of mind, of being or of affairs. Derived from the Hebrew root shalam – meaning to be safe or complete, and by implication, to be friendly or to reciprocate. Shalom, as term and message, seems to encapsulate a reality and hope of wholeness for the individual, within societal relations, and for the whole world. To say joy and peace, meaning a state of affairs where there is no dispute or war, does not begin to describe the sense of the term. Completeness seems to be at the center of shalom as we will see in the meaning of the term itself, in some derivatives from its root, shalam, in some examples of its uses in Jewish and Christian Scriptures, and in some homophone terms from other Semitic languages.

The noun shalom means safe, for example, well and happy. On a more abstract application, its use points to welfare, for example, health, prosperity, and, peace. It is the verb form shalam, though, that provides a deeper understanding of this term in theology, doctrine, and liturgy. Literally translated, shalam signals to a state of safety, but figuratively it points to completeness. In its use in Scripture, shalom describes the actions that lead to a state of soundness, or better yet wholeness. So to say, shalom seems not to merely speak of a state of affairs, but describes a process, an activity, a movement towards fullness. Using the King James Version as reference, James Strong lists the rendering of shalom and shalam, among others, as:

  • To make amends
  • To make good
  • To be (or to make) peace
  • To restore
  • Peace
  • Prosperity
  • Wellness

The use of shalom in the Scriptures always points towards that transcendent action of wholeness. Shalom is seen in reference to the wellbeing of others (Genesis 43.27, Exodus 4.18), to treaties (I Kings 5.12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122.6, Jeremiah 29.7). Coincidentally, the root shalem, means peaceful - though it is sometimes posited that this root is found in the name of the city Jerusalem (combined with yara, meaning to lay or found), this is likely a re-etymologization.[12] Yet, its transcendence lies in its relationship to truth and justice (Psalm 85.10, Isaiah 48.18, 22, 57.19–21). The wholeness of shalom, through justice and truth, inspires the words of hope for the work expected by the messiah, and to refer to its revelation as the time of peace (Haggai 2.7–9, Isaiah 2.2–4, 11.1–9), and to even grant this anointed one the title Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9.6, Micah 5.4–5a).

In the Christian Scriptures, the term eirene is employed to mean peace, but in its application, seeking for it the transcendence of its Hebrew counterpart, peace is better understood in relation to terms like grace (Romans 1.7), righteousness (Romans 14.17), and life (Romans 8.6). It is also employed in benedictions, like that in I Thessalonians 5.23 and Hebrews 13.20–21, perhaps making echo to prayers of peace common throughout the Hebrew Scriptures and Jewish benedictions (Numbers 6.22–27).

This sense of completeness, central to the term shalom could also be confirmed in homophonic terms found in other Semitic languages. The term shelam, of Chaldean origin, seems to mean both peace and restoration. Aramaic derivations of the terms shalom and shalam are said to mean peace, safety, completeness and welfare. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam. Meaning to be safe, secure, and forgiven, among other things. It also proposes a personal commitment to the concept, action, and transcendence of peace – Salaam is also the root for the terms Muslim and Islam, literally translated, he/she who submits to God and submission to God, respectively.

In expressions

The word "shalom" can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and interjection. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

  • Shalom aleichem (Template:Hebrew; "well-being be upon you" or "may you be well"), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of "hello". Also, for example: "shabat shalom!" The appropriate response to such a greeting is "upon you be well-being" ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On Erev Shabbat (Sabbath eve), Jewish people have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom aleichem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
  • In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting "Peace be unto you" (e.g., Matt 10:12), a translation of shalom aleichem. See Pax (liturgy).
  • Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting, to which the common reply is, Shalom, Shalom. It is also used as a farewell. In this way it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the English good evening and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, "bye" (English) and "yallah bye" (a mixture of Arabic and English) is popular. Shalom is also used by Jewish people around the world, and even by many non-Jewish people.
  • Shabbat shalom (Template:Hebrew) is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
  • Ma sh'lom'cha (Template:Hebrew; "what is your well-being/peace?") is a Hebrew equivalent of the English "how are you?". This is the form addressed to an individual male. The form for addressing an individual female is Ma sh'lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh'lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh'lomchem?
  • Alav hashalom (Template:Hebrew; "upon him is peace") is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
  • Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is Template:Hebrew (Oseh shalom bimromav, hu ya'aseh shalom aleynu, ve'al kol Yisrael ve'imru amen), which translates to English as "He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen." It originates from Job 25:2.[13]
  • U.S. President Bill Clinton ended his eulogy for Yitzhak Rabin with the words Shalom, chaver (Goodbye, friend).

As a Jewish religious principle

In Judaism, Shalom (peace), is one of the underlying principle of the Torah. "Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are shalom (peace)".[14]" The Talmud explains, "The entire Torah is for the sake of the ways of shalom".[15] Maimonides comments in his Mishneh Torah: "Great is peace, as the whole Torah was given in order to promote peace in the world, as it is stated, 'Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are peace.'"[16]

In the book Not the Way It’s Supposed to Be: A Breviary of Sin, author Cornelius Plantinga described the Old Testament concept of shalom:

The webbing together of God, humans, and all creation in justice, fulfillment, and delight is what the Hebrew prophets call shalom. We call it peace but it means far more than mere peace of mind or a cease-fire between enemies. In the Bible, shalom means universal flourishing, wholeness and delight – a rich state of affairs in which natural needs are satisfied and natural gifts fruitfully employed, a state of affairs that inspires joyful wonder as its Creator and Savior opens doors and welcomes the creatures in whom he delights. Shalom, in other words, is the way things ought to be.[17]

Use as a name

Shalom as a name for God

The Talmud says "the name of God is 'Peace'", therefore, one is not permitted to greet another with the word shalom in places such as a bathroom.[18]

Due to Biblical references many Christians teach that "Shalom" is one of the sacred names of God.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]

Shalom as a name for people

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well—e.g., the model Shalom Harlow.

As a name for organizations

Shalom can be part of an organization's name.

For example, the names of the following organizations and places refer to "peace" between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

As name for synagogues or structures

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

As the name for events

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ Glamour of the Grammar in the Jerusalem Post
  2. ^ Blue Letter Bible
  3. ^ As mentioned in the Strong's Concordance
  4. ^ "A thorough etymological analysis of the Hebrew roots and their derivatives reveal that 'Lom was the basic root word for Shalom and appears in other languages in similar forms." (Botterweck, Ringgren, and Fabry, Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume XV, pg 13-49, F.J. Stendebach, Helmer Ringgren, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2004, ISBN 0802823378)
  5. ^ http://www.jewishdictionary.org/hebrew-words/shalom.html
  6. ^ "Articles of primary theological importance in Volume XV include these: ' lom ("peace"). https://www.bookdepository.com/Theological-Dictionary-Old-Testament-Pt-15-Helmer-Ringgren/9780802823397
  7. ^ "The prominence of the root-and-pattern system makes it relatively easy to determine both constituents of most Semitic words. This in turn allows the comparison of individual roots across languages. Thus, for example, Arabic salm, "peace, well-being" (English SALAAM), from the Arabic root s-l-m, is clearly cognate with Hebrew lôm, which has the same meaning (English SHALOM), from the Hebrew root -l-m ; both reflect the same Proto-Semitic root, lm. " (Proto-Semitic Language and Culture, John Huehnergard, Dr. Jamshid Abrahim) http://www.jamshid-ibrahim.net/148.0.html
  8. ^ "lm. . . SHALOM; SHALOM ALEICHEM, from Hebrew lm, well-being, peace ." Appendix II, The Appendix of Semitic Roots,,The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000, Houghton Mifflin Company.
  9. ^ Gehman, Henry Snyder. "'Επισκέπομαι, ἐπίσκεψις, ἐπίσκοπος, and ἐπισκοπή: In the Septuagint in Relation to פקד and Other Hebrew Roots: A Case of Semantic Development Similar to That of Hebrew." Vetus Testamentum (1972): 197-207.
  10. ^ Segal, J. B. "Neo-Aramaic Proverbs of the Jews of Zakho", Journal of Near Eastern Studies (1955): 251-270.
  11. ^ De Jassy, O. Neufchotz. "The Mythological Hebrew Terms Explained by the Sanskrit." The Monist (1908): 126-142.
  12. ^ Names of Jerusalem#Jerusalem
  13. ^ Rabbis Drs. Andrew Goldstein & Charles H Middleburgh, ed. (2003). Machzor Ruach Chadashah (in English and Hebrew). Liberal Judaism.
  14. ^ Proverbs 3:17
  15. ^ Talmud, Gittin 59b
  16. ^ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, The Laws of Chanukah 4:14
  17. ^ "Shalom: The Real Utopia".
  18. ^ Shabbat 10b from Judges 6:24
  19. ^ Stone, Nathan J. Names of God,pg.6, Moody Publishers, 1987
  20. ^ http://blogs.blueletterbible.org/blb/2012/09/04/the-names-of-god-jehovah-shalom/
  21. ^ Fanning, Don. "Theology Proper," pg. 25(2009).
  22. ^ F.E. Marsh dealing with the comprehensiveness of the word shalom is the personification of Peace...and a name of God, Lockyer, Herbert. All the Divine Names and Titles in the Bible. Pg.41, 47, Zondervan, 1988
  23. ^ Hemphill, Ken. "How Excellent are Thy Names," Christianity Today 45.13 (2001): 95-97
  24. ^ Diamond, James Arthur. Converts, Heretics, and Lepers: Maimonides and the Outsider. University of Notre Dame Press, 2007
  25. ^ Trepp, Leo. "Jeremiah and We." European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe, Vol. 27, No.1, Bergham Books (1994): 29-36
  26. ^ Spangler, Ann, ed. GW, Names of God Bible. Pg. 81, Baker Books, 2011
  27. ^ Williams, Cathy Q. "Black Online, Doctoral Psychology Graduates' Academic Achievement: A Phenomenological Self-Directed Learning Perspective." (2015)
  28. ^ Spangler, Ann. Praying the names of God: a daily guide. Pg. 9, Zondervan, 2004

Bibliography

  • Eirene, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
  • Eirene, shalóm, and shalám, Nueva Concordancia Strong Exhaustiva (Miami, FL: Editorial Caribe, 2002).
  • Eirene, shalom, and shalam, The New Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990).
  • Paz, Diccionario de la Lengua Española (Madrid, Spain: Real Academia Española, 2001).
  • Paz, Nuevo Diccionario Bíblico (Downers Grove, IL: Ediciones Certeza, 1991).
  • Shalom, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2003)
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